R.L.Stevenson in ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ to Heighten the Horror Essay

During the novel ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,’ R.L.Stevenson uses many techniques and language devices such as metaphor, simile, irony and personification to gradually heighten the horror. Stevenson has some powerful passages such as, the trampling of the child, the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the transformation of Jekyll at Dr Lanyons. Stevenson sets the story in London, 1886, which at this time was the richest part of the entire world. Many of the people who lived there had little contact with crime, which is ironic because Mr Hyde, a character within Dr Jekyll, disturbs the whole scene into that of a scary and tense area. The main settings where horrific things happen are usually described as ‘†¦almost deserted†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘†¦lamp-lit†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which is a very good setting for heightening the horror in the novel. It shows mystery and emptiness which makes you wait for intense action, this causes the rhythm and speed of the story to change depending on the setting. A setting described as ‘†¦foggy†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘†¦nocturnal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ fits greatly into a society like Dr Jekyll’s in London a place of which is dominated by secrecy the whole way through, which add suspense to the story their makes it more tense for the reader. The mystery begins at the very start, where we meet Utterson who is an intelligent lawyer who does not quickly judge other people. Mr Utterson becomes our guide throughout many of the chapters and we see all of the discoveries he makes. The door in Dr Jekyll’s house stands out because Mr Hyde uses it as if were his own and a theme of mystery evolves around it, because we do not know where it leads to. This is where we first meet Mr Hyde. He is hard to describe but has a strong effect on everybody who meets him. His behaviour is unusual. He tramples on a girl and appears to be really calm about the situation, as if he has no fear in life, which is extraordinary and inhuman. Without a fuss he accepts what he has done wrong and agrees to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 compensation. The money is paid by cheque ‘†¦signed by a name [Utterson] cannot mention†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢which gives a really strong sense of mystery which carries through until the end of the novel. In chapter two ‘The Search for Hyde’ the mystery deepens even more. We here that Jekyll has left ‘†¦all his possessions†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in a signed Will to the evil Mr Hyde. Mr Utterson was the first person in the novel that we heard about, we trust him the most and therefore share in his concerns about Jekyll which appears to be blackmail. All of the mystery that Stevenson adds to the story helps make it more horrific and tense for the raeder. As the story continues, Utterson sees Hyde’s face and describes him as ‘†¦pale and dwarfish†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and that he is a mix of ‘†¦timidity and boldness†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which is very intriguing because he show two characteristics in a weird way which gives us the theme of duality. Other people find it hard to describe him, Enfield describes him as giving ‘†¦a strong feeling of deformity†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ but ‘†¦ he is not easy to describe.’ Which forces people to read on further and get deeper into the book. Although he is described as giving ‘†¦a displeasing smile†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and having a ‘†¦ghastly face†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the reader is not given a quality description of his face, which in my opinion is done deliberately by Stevenson to give a mysterious image to Mr Hyde. This causes the reader to concentrate on him and want to learn more about him, therefore would be more horrific for the reader because he does not even know what the mutant looks like, we only know his actions. Mr Hyde represents ‘†¦the beast in man†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and is described as animalistic in many occasions. An example of this is when Mr Utterson meets him and describes him as ‘†¦hissing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ like a cornered snake. Another is when Poole evaluates him as a ‘†¦thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢that squeals ‘†¦like a rat†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ he moves about ‘†¦like a monkey†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and screams in ‘†¦mere animal terror.’ These are examples of similes which suggest that Hyde is abnormal and is compared with the characters of animals-which relates to the Charles Darwin theory of apes and backward evolution, which would be terrifying for a Victorian reader because they did not believe in the theory. Mr Hyde shows how evil and spiteful he is by making the transforming of character involuntary, for Jekyll to see that his hand is ‘†¦thickly shaded with a swart. growth of hair†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which makes him describe his double personality and character as ‘†¦the animal within me licking the chops of memory.’ Hyde was haggard in the way that he ‘†¦snarled aloud into a savage laugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢which suggests how he is related to evil, like a monster. Many horror stories have monsters and other characters to portray them as horrific, but Stevenson takes it a step further and makes you picture a monster of your own choice with the little information and description given to you, this builds up the tension and horror layer by layer the more you read on. Another theme is shown when the Jekyll/Hyde double in the laboratory is described as having ‘†¦a mask upon his face.’ This shows the dual nature of Jekyll/Hyde. The weather also plays a big part in the story, it effects it by making the atmosphere feel real and heightening the horror. Stevenson uses pathetic fallacy to change the setting and atmosphere into one of which suits the story, ‘†¦it was an early cloudless night†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘†¦a brilliantly lit lane†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ with a ‘†¦full moon†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢which gives a sense of calmness. Stevenson then gives intense action, which has a strong effect on the reader and therefore effectively heightens the horror. The action is a murder, which is very horrific anyway. A maidservant witnessed the murder from her bedroom window. The maidservant described the victim, Sir Danvers Carew, as ‘†¦an old aged beautiful gentleman†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ she did not recognise him but he seemed to have ‘†¦an innocent and old-world kindness of disposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He came across a small man who the maidservant recognised, Mr Hyde. Sir Danvers Carew addressed Mr Hyde politely but Hyde, without replying, ‘†¦broke out into a great flame of anger†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Carew’s bones ‘†¦audibly shattered.’ The body ‘†¦jumped upon the roadway†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ until it became ‘†¦mangled.’ The murder weapon was a stick made of ‘†¦very tough and heavy wood†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of which broke ‘†¦under the stress of his insensate cruelty.’ This is by far the most intense and scariest part of the book because Stevenson uses emotive language and other language devices to show a great contrast of description shown between Carew and Hyde of good and evil, which makes Mr Hyde seem an extraordinary evil character of ‘†¦cruelty.’ Dr Henry Jekyll is a well-known chemist and physician with qualifications to his name. We meet him in the third chapter ‘Dr Jekyll was quite at ease’. He is described as a ‘†¦large, well-made, smooth faced man of fifty†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ who had ‘†¦something of a slyish cast.’ He had ‘†¦every mark of capacity and kindness.’ He is a wealthy man whose autobiography is shown in his ‘Statement’ this tells us that he was born into a well-off family and he had a brilliant education. Jekyll is hypocritical to himself because he sees the evil side of his nature (Hyde), yet does not accept him as a natural part of him in his life and is also arrogant, thinking that he can control nature. The theme of duality is shown in many parts of the story, when Utterson shows Mr Guest, a writing expert, a letter and he notices that ‘†¦the two hands are in many points identical†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ between Hyde’s and Jekyll’s handwriting. Stevenson uses irony to make profound statements about the personality of humans, this helps the main theme and adds more information to explain the moral of the story. During the novel, we are told the story through the eyes of many people such as Enfield, Utterson, Lanyon and eventually Jekyll himself. The whole moral and idea of the story is hidden until Lanyon’s narrating, the technique of multiple perspectives which is a very good way of heightening the horror and allows us to see more clearly into their characters and relationships. Another technique used by Stevenson is revealing the plot via letters, diaries and casebooks; this makes us feel that we are actually inside the story, living out what happens and makes us equally confused by not knowing what exactly is happening. Stevenson also uses dreams as the technique of authentication because he uses things like diaries etc to continue the story; an example is when Utterson has a dream, which is full of evil foreboding, which causes the reader to have a greater desire to unmask the mysterious hidden face of Mr Hyde. This is very intense because it is what happens in real life, you have nightmares of bad things and cannot get them off your mind. In conclusion I found out that Stevenson gives a sense of tension throughout the narrating of each character, by using pathetic fallacy, detailed settings, literary devices and strong themes and morals. I think each character has a sense of mystery and horror about them of which we will never get to know. I also think that what you see is not always what you get, because nobody would have known that such an evil character could have came from someone as kind and well mannered as Dr Henry Jekyll. Evil Hyde was a natural part of Jekyll’s personality along with the good side, but because Jekyll was so arrogant he destroyed himself by trying to separate the two. The main theme is that all humans have at least two facets of their personality, good and evil, and that these exist in different measures. It is quite horrific for us to realise that the potential for evil, like Hyde, is inside each and every one of us!!

Depression Treatments

College Writing II 13 September 2012 Depression Treatments Depression is a mental illness affecting millions of people, not just in the United States, but also the world. According to Marcia Clemmitt, it’s â€Å"loosely defined as a mental and emotional disorder with symptoms of constant sadness, lethargy, irritability and a loss of interest and pleasure† (575). Depression can be linked to stressful life events, such as family issues, sexual assault, or losing a loved one.Liubov Kavaliauskiene, Virginija  Adomaitiene, and Rimantas  Peciura add that depressionâ€Å"disrupts the working capacity of the ill person for a long time, complicates the lives of his/her family members and requires additional money for social care services† (92). If left untreated, depression may lead to irrational violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide. Depression treatment options have become widely available over time, ranging from medicine to Web-based therapy. However, issue s with treatment costs have erupted since many depression patients relapse (Kavaliauskiene et. l. 92). Situations like these make determining the best way to treat depression unclear. The CQ Researcher article â€Å"Treating Depression† was written by Marcia Clemmitt and published on June 26, 2009 as Volume 19, Issue 24. Clemmitt, a former high school teacher, has worked for â€Å"The Scientist† and â€Å"Medicine & Health†. She has earned degrees from St. John's College, Annapolis, and Georgetown University. She currently writes social policy articles on CQ Researcher, such as â€Å"Public Works Projects† and â€Å"Preventing Cancer†.The second article, titled â€Å"Medication Rationality in treating depression†, was found using Academic Search Complete. The study was published by Acta Medica Lituanica as Volume 18, No. 2 in 2011, and written by Liubov Kavaliauskiene, Rimantas  Peciura, and Virginija  Adomaitiene. All three work for the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, but they’re part of different departments. Peciura and Kavaliauskiene are affiliated with the Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, while Adomaitiene’s affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry. Treating Depression† introduces depression, discussing symptoms, causes and effect on society. It also explains limits depression patients face in finding help for their disorder. In 2008, Congress passed a law resulting in a rise in insurance coverage and access to mental-health services (Clemmitt 573). However, some depression patients haven’t benefited since they lack insurance and rely on scarce public-health care programs. Psychiatric help and reliable antidepressants are also scanty since people are different and take different medications.Despite the fact, Clemmitt insists treatment options have improved since â€Å"most primary-care physicians screen for depression and prescribe medications (581). † It’s great news, but if patients don’t improve after being examined and treated the first time, it’s likely they won’t try another way to improve their condition. The first modern antidepressants, tricyclics, were created in the 1950’s (Clemmitt 588). They supposedly made a patient happier and allowed them to be successfully treated as an outpatient by helping their brain’s chemical balance function properly.However, the drug’s considered controversial due to questionable side effects. Clemmitt notes that safer options, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy are available. The article shows that depression needs to be treated aggressively with quality treatment and the importance of preventing future cases. â€Å"Medication Rationality in treating depression† covers depression treatment methods used by Lithuanian doctors. Costs of treating depression patients have been burdensome s ince many of them have relapsed, as mentioned before.The study has had a goal to â€Å"evaluate the use of anti-depressants according to the opinions of three groups of specialists (family doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists)† (Kavaliauskiene et. al. 92). The specialists’ opinions were evidently used to determine several different options for managing depression treatment costs better. This may have been begun like this since family doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists all have different professions in the medical field. Therefore, it’s assumed they’ve different thoughts on using anti-depressants.Several findings could be drawn from the study with use of critical data on depression cases and information gathered from interviews with Lithuanian â€Å"specialists†. Kavaliauskiene et. al. noted a combination of individually selected medicines and psychological help is needed to treat depression, not just medicine (96). Also, they suggest that e ven though depression treatments are â€Å"handled differently by different professionals (96),† psychiatrists and family doctors should review causes of depression, work with pharmacists, and learn about new antidepressants (96).Doctors need to be trained to correctly recognize depression and to know when to send patients to a psychiatrist (96). If all of these conditions are properly met, treating depression patients is manageable. Looking at the two articles, quite a few conflicts and commonalities appear between them. Kavaliauskiene et. al. mention that â€Å"relapse rates in depression may range from 20% to as high as 44%†¦ with a maintained use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In contrast, with tricyclic antidepressants, relapse during the ongoing treatment to maintain remission is relatively rare† (93).This conflicts with Marcia Clemmitt’s suggestion that SSRI’s could be more effective than the tricyclics drugs, because the latter h as questionable side effects, such as â€Å"increased heart rate, blurred vision, and weight gain† and â€Å"could be fatal in overdoses† (590). At the same time, however before mentioning the side effects, Clemmitt mentioned how the tricyclic drug effectively fixed chemical imbalances in the brain to make patients feel better. This indicates an ambiguity with the sources on the topic of treatments.An instance of a commonality between the sources relates to a depression patient’s motivation to get treated. If a depression patient doesn’t improve with the first round of treatment, they will likely never seek another way to be cured, according to Marcia Clemmitt’s data. (581). This is supported with a solution presented by Kavaliauskiene and his colleagues, saying to treat relapsing patients more attentively and to act quickly if no signs of improvement are present. They may have been given the wrong diagnosis or wrong type of medication (96).It seem s from these examples that the sources are more similar than they are different. Though they agree on certain topics, the perfect depression treatment is still unknown. Additional research may help one understand what the best approach to properly treat depression patients is. Works Cited Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Treating Depression. † CQ Researcher 19. 24 (2009): 573-96. CQ Researcher. Web. 6 Sept. 2012. Kavaliauskiene, Liubov, et. al. â€Å"Medication Rationality in treating depression† Acta Medica Lituanica 18. 2 (2011): 92-96. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Sept. 2012.

Automated Highway System

As described and depicted in Sci-fi futuristic films like I, Robot, Minority Report and Star Wars, the Automated Highway System (AHS) features an automatically controlled transportation system that is meticulously interlaced with the highway system.   The principal idea of AHS is to remove the driving operation from human control and assign it to the vehicle, which in turn collaborates with the highway system to perform such function.Thus, the concept of AHS involves technology that can be classified into three groups namely, intelligent technology on board the vehicle, intelligent technology in the road, and communication technologies that link or connect the vehicles to road.   Communication facilitates interactivity and information exchange between vehicle and highway infrastructure and action is undertaken by user/ vehicle in an automated fashion.   (Ioannou, p183)AHS technology for vehicle auto-control accentuates on how automobiles can routinely detect road driving barrie rs especially other vehicles, the track course, traffic management rules, as well as internal engine problems so that the vehicle can instinctively make the proper steering, turning, braking, lane changing, stopping and other related movements involved in driving.The current trend under this heading is the blending of car and computer technology.   On-board PC promises latent flexible innovations which include internet communications, car operation (sound, air-conditioning and navigating through voice) and paging, etc. (The Economist)Current technology leading towards this end includes the intelligent cruise control system which use radar or laser to sense vehicles along its driving path that commands vehicle to decelerate or accelerate as needed or allowed; the driver status monitoring which reveals driver status i.e. consciousness levels, stare direction, driving skill, etc. in another vehicle to warn other drivers on the road; collision notification that forewarns or notifies d rivers for potential crash or collision accidents with other cars; navigation assistance systems such as traffic and traveler information and on board diagnostics system that detects potential vehicle malfunction in advance, among others. (Cheon)AHS technology for highway control include traffic monitoring for traffic management, highway and incident surveillance technologies of which there are intrusive (pneumatic road tube, inductive loop detectors, piezoelectric sensors, magnetic sensors and weight in motion) and non intrusive technologies (video image processor, microwave radar, infrared, ultrasonic and passive acoustic array sensors (Vehicle Detector Clearing House), and lane tracking and positioning, among others.Finally, technology for the seamless communication of the vehicle and road infrastructure is necessary for the integration, collaboration and connectivity of the system’s operations. The focus of research on communications technology is the improvement in the p rovision of real time, reliable data communications among vehicles and between vehicles and highway infrastructure.The global positioning system (GPS) is a promising technology for transportation communications for the fulfillment of AHS. It utilizes satellites rotating around the earth that pick up radio signals from users to calculate and determine their exact position including latitude, longitude and altitude. (Helms)The multifaceted potential benefits of AHS to the ordinary citizens, the transportation sector, and the general economy are both vast and profound. By removing the human component in driving and its penchant to errors, driving safety will be significantly improved. Factors such as fog, darkness and other severe weather conditions that can disturb visibility and directly impact driving performance can be eliminated.Since driving is automated, it affords people free time for productive activities during travel such as studying and reading as well as leisure for playin g, sleeping or relaxing.     For the elderly, the disabled and other people who do not know how to drive, driving skill is no more a hindrance to travel and mobility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Travel time is also expected to be reduced because of free flow travel conditions as the traffic management system will control and balance the speed of cars depending on the congestion of highway used at that time. (Ferlis)

Assignment prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment prompt - Essay Example The extensive use of the apocalyptic setting is a bit confusing and the query revolves round its purpose more than anything else. For â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the only query that would come to a reader’s mind is that why does the author show the death or rather the brutal murder of his only protagonist who attains almost a stature of superhero. Does this incident bear any special symbolic connotation? â€Å"August 2026: There Will Come Soft Rains† by Ray Bradbury falls in the genre of science fiction but if one delve deep into the plot of the text and try to gaze behind the apparent presentation of the story, it is not easy to find the symbolic interpretation of the story. Bradbury uses the personification deliberately to display the emptiness. Bradbury wanted to reveal the readers that amidst the hustle and bustle of the house, something is amiss and this indicates a persistent absence of human being and human emotion. Bradbury wanted to portray that the fate of the house and the fate of humanity is synonymous. The impact of the complete absence of human characters makes the story all the more symbolic. The intention of the author to portray that too much mechanical life will destroy human civilization is also aptly displayed through the absence of human characters. The effect of the absence of human character on the plot of the story is far reaching and the absence makes the inner theme of the story line poignant. Here, the personified objects of the house are the characters. The protagonist of the house can be considered as the empty house whose inhabitants are dead because of nuclear reaction. The story line, due to the personification of inanimate objects not only renders a proper appearance of a science fiction but also helps to carry forward the underlying powerful message of the story that humans are slaughtering the planet and all the innovation and technologies created to make life easy and better,

BETH ANN FARAGHER, PETITIONER v. CITY OF BOCA RATON Case Study

BETH ANN FARAGHER, PETITIONER v. CITY OF BOCA RATON - Case Study Example This therefore puts them in a position that they can abuse by practising acts that can be termed as abusive and therefore call for legal intervention. In our case the city is claimed to be unaware of the actions of two of its employees-Terry and Silverman who were sued for subjecting the petitioner-Faragher and other female lifeguards to the unwelcome and uninvited touches and abusive language that they were using. Among the allegations, Terry had said that he would never promote a woman to the rank of a Lieutenant and in another occasion, Silverman had warned Faragher that she should date him or she would clean the toilets for a year (Legal Information Institute). Silverman being in a position to allocate duties to the lifeguards, had the power to execute that threat. This therefore calls for the intervention of the law as the powers he uses are bestowed to him by the agency that has hired him and set him to the rank that he is in. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida handled the case where Faragher had sued the city. It established that during the time that that Faragher was working with the city, Terry was serving as the Chief of the Marine Safety division and he had authority to supervise all aspects of the life guards’ assignments, engage in counselling and deliver oral reprimands while putting into record such an occurrence. At that moment, Silverman was serving in the position of marine safety lieutenant. The city had a sexual harassment policy that was drafted on February 1986. This was revised in 1990 and a restatement reissued. However, Terry, Silverman and Gordon were unaware of it. This put the responsibility of their actions at an individual level as the city had already drafted a policy in regard to sexual harassment. The court made a conclusion that the conduct of Terry and Silverman could be cause a hostile working environment for Faragher. The court therefore

Civil Aerospace Market Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil Aerospace Market - Case Study Example In the following discussion we'll analyze the industry structure of the civil aerospace market in general and the two main companies in particular. vi. World's second-largest defense company. Boeing Integrated Defense Systems provides end-to-end services for large-scale systems that combine sophisticated communication networks with air-, land-, sea- and space-based platforms for global military, government and commercial customers i. FAA (US) Aerospace forecast for the period 2006-2017 states that, 'By 2017, U.S. commercial air carriers are projected to fly 1.6 trillion ASMs and transport 1.07 billion enplaned passengers a total of 1.256 trillion passenger miles. Passenger trip length is also forecast to increase by more than 120 miles over the forecast to 1,171.9 miles (up 10.2 miles annually). iv. New entrants in the business particularly from India, China and Japan. These countries are trying very hard to tap the market with state owned companies getting full support from respective governments Headquartered in France and employing about 60,000 people worldwide Airbus has made a commitment to itself that it will remain in the 40-60 percent range as far as market share is concerned1. During 2006 also Airbus was able to capture 44 percent market share with 824 new firm orders worth US$75.1 billion. Buyers'/Consu... v. Highly investment intensive and labor intensive business. Opportunities i. FAA (US) Aerospace forecast for the period 2006-2017 states that, 'By 2017, U.S. commercial air carriers are projected to fly 1.6 trillion ASMs and transport 1.07 billion enplaned passengers a total of 1.256 trillion passenger miles. Passenger trip length is also forecast to increase by more than 120 miles over the forecast to 1,171.9 miles (up 10.2 miles annually). ii. New technological breakthroughs in IT, computers and electronics industries, providing opportunity to serve the customer in a better way. iii. New product development efforts are focused on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a super-efficient airplane that is expected to be in service in 2008. Threats i. Global slowdown (decelerating growth) in airlines business, particularly after the 9/11 incident ii. Shrinking profit margins for airlines industry, resulting in closing down of many airlines iii. Fluctuating oil prices and turbulent political scene in the middle-east region iv. New entrants in the business particularly from India, China and Japan. These countries are trying very hard to tap the market with state owned companies getting full support from respective governments v. Widespread opposition of the outsourcing moves by the unions at Boeing as well as from other unions in the country, fearing widespread retrenchments. SWOT analysis for Airbus Headquartered in France and employing about 60,000 people worldwide Airbus has made a commitment to itself that it will remain in the 40-60 percent range as far as market share is concerned1. During 2006 also Airbus was able to capture 44 percent market share with 824 new firm orders worth US$75.1 billion. Strengths: Leading position in the

Communication paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Communication paper - Essay Example In the conversation, the sender was my friend who sent a message to me by directly asking me my plans for the weekend. The question was clearly transmitted to me by my friend to which I responded positively. It was apparent that I am the receiver of the message and transmission was immediately achieved since I answered my friend with choices of places that we can visit. I also suggested some things that we can do like watch a movie or just play games in my room. In a way, there was noise between the message since I was excited by the fact that my friend is back so anything is possible. My friend’s message was clearly transmitted because that is also what I had in mind. Using the linear communication model, the conversation was successful because both parties were very optimistic and looked forward to the topic. If I were to analyze the conversation using simultaneous transactional model, it can be said that I was able to give a positive feedback, the message was decoded very well. I know that my friend has the best intention why he invited me so I relied on that belief. Even before my friend my called me up, I was already anticipating some invitation from this person. The conversation seemed very simple indeed but there lies many important lessons in communication. First of all, messages are can be easily decoded by the receiver when the person receiving the message feels positive about the sender. Since the message was transmitted by a close friend whom I trust, it was not hard to send a good feedback. Of course, this is not applicable in all times since noise can also be an obstacle in decoding the message. I could be experiencing some problems that my friend doesn’t know which can elicit a cold response. Probably, I could be feeling ill at that time and would not want to displeas e my friend so I just accepted the idea. No matter what the case maybe, there is another important lesson in communication

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Research Paper Example However, it does not mean that other factors such as crime, unemployment rate and pollution levels are at low or minimum levels. This is because GDP does not factor these issues in the above equation and does not take these issues into consideration. As such, a positive GDP will not necessarily mean a country has a low unemployment rate when the economy is â€Å"good†. Logically, if a country has positive GDP growth, it means that economy is â€Å"good†. Thus, businesses profit and demand for labor to meet the market demands for supply of goods and services grows. Increased demand for labor will also result in higher wages offered and lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. Crime rates may decrease as people have jobs to support the cost of living; but this factor is not calculated in the equation. So when the economy is â€Å"good† as shown by the positive GDP, it does not mean that everything is â€Å"good† for its people. As an example, think about the rising cost of health care, which would be classified in the equation as consumer spending (C). Although the increase in consumer spending will contribute positively to the GDP, this is under the mistaken assumption that all individuals in the family can afford higher health care costs (Schwartz, 2010). This is also the case for the costs of education and leisure. If a GDP is positive, it does not necessarily mean that all of the people in the country have more money for leisure and can afford higher education costs. A developed nation almost always has a high GDP (Wikipedia), but at what cost does this development come? The question arises as to whether their development is detrimental to the environment. When businesses expand, they will need more space to build offices and other developments for people’s benefit. This will see a reduction in green areas or even deforestation; and myriad pollutions by industries- be it air, water or sound pollution- will also

Human resource management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resource management - Research Paper Example The program intends to increase productivity and lessen operating cost by letting their employees work when they are most productive and offering them a flexible scheduling and office-space initiative that lets employees work from home or at special telecommuting centers. The program is combination of work-from-home, traditional desk time and group meetings to encourage employees to find a work environment and schedule that makes them most efficient The new work arrangement at Bank of America relates to the class in terms of being consistent with the business organization’s effort to find ways to increase productivity and lessen cost with the use of technology that would ultimately increase profit. The new work arrangement at Bank of America also shows how technology can redefine and expedite work as discussed in class. With regard to increasing productivity, flexible working terms allow employees to work in environment where they are most comfortable and efficient. Issues such as being late due to traffic will be removed by the new employment arrangement. It is also advantageous to Bank of America not only because its employees are now more productive but also it is able to save overhead and other cost associated in keeping employees in office. In fact, Bank of America projected this to reach an amount of USD 8 billion by just allowing employees to work on a flexible terms. By implementing the program, the company will spend less on electricity, furniture and other machine and equipment used by their employees when they are at work in the office. This is also advantageous to employees because it allows them to have a work-life balance as they can also attend to other things at home (such as being with children) while working. The time saved from commuting and preparing for work can instead be channeled to other life enhancing activities such as spending time with family and friends or engaging in

Bonnie and Clyde(Penn, 1967) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bonnie and Clyde(Penn, 1967) - Essay Example Bonnie and Clyde can be easily put under the genre of crime films. These are the movies that have a plot revolving around the life of a criminal. The character could be someone as real life as conceivable or someone so villainous that the viewer feels that he could not possibly be real. Then there are some which are based on the lives of actual felons. Often, films portray the life of criminals to be exciting and glorified, and this movie is one of those. It gives a glimpse of how life as a wanted person could be like, all the rush and adrenaline and yet the worry that must be constantly at the back of their mind of being caught even if they are arrogant and act otherwise. Such movies give the watcher an inside look to how a criminal’s mind could be like (Barsam and Monahan). The story is set during the times of the Great Depression when practically everyone was unemployed and money was short. In turn, these events resulted in a rise of criminal activity since the only way tha t the people could afford to put some food in their belly was by stealing the food. One of those persons was Clyde Barrow. It is whilst he is trying to steal a car when he meets Bonnie Parker, a waitress who is, surprisingly, the daughter of the owner of the very same car – â€Å"Hey boy, what you doin' with my Mama's car?† (Newman, Benton and Towne). However, instead of creating an outcry, she helps Clyde and they manage to run away in the car. That makes her first crime stealing her mother’s car but Bonnie has no regrets as she is quite excited and is looking forward to a new way of life. As Arthur Penn explains, â€Å"the American negro has the same kind of attitude of 'I have nothing more to lose' that was true during the Depression for Bonnie and Clyde.... He really is at the point of revolution -- it's rebellion, not riot† (Friedman 84) The duo start small, they go around gas stations and such. However, when their increasingly expensive lifestyle re quires them to have more money, they raise the scales. They start robbing banks, figuratively spitting on authority that turned its back to them and so many others despite all their promises made in the past, even introducing themselves as â€Å"This here's Miss Bonnie Parker. I'm Clyde Barrow...We rob banks† (Newman, Benton and Towne). Throughout the movie, the viewer may notice the subtle way that the Robin Hood theme has been continuously showcased. The two are stealing money from those who shut themselves down and refused to lent money to the poor in their times of need. In fact, the banks collapse and with them sink all the money that the ordinary people had cashed in their accounts as savings for the future. There is also a scene during one of the robberies at the bank when a farmer who had dropped by is allowed to keep all his money with him. It is through these little gestures that they show that are just ordinary folk. They are two thieves stealing money and living t heir life as they want it to be despite the terrible times and all the uncertainty that the normal public are feeling. It is clear since the beginning of the movie that Bonnie and Clyde are instantly attracted towards each other. Romance taking place in the future is a definite yes. The pair have a fun time together, meeting people they like and dislike but enjoying life to the fullest. Still, it is not all

Career Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Career Services - Essay Example For hopeful employees, it is important to connect to a network through which they can get information about openings especially those that may not be advertised in mainstream media. In addition, volunteering is proposed as an effective way of improving ones chances of getting a job since they get a chance to create a rapport with the organisations and ultimately if there is an opening in the firm, they will likely be considered. While admitting that most graduates would prefer to earn a salary, volunteering is a way for them to work in a field that they are passionate about. This way, they can get these hidden jobs, which according to the writer are not really hidden after all, but just require creativity and sacrifice to get. In my opinion, this is as close to the truth as it gets, people assume that the job market is saturated and even as they leave college, many are already pessimistic about their prospects. Others imagine that the jobs are only available for the lucky few. However as the writer says, luck in the job market has nothing to do with superstition or coincidence, quite on the contrary, luck is directly proportional to how hard one works or the extent to which they expose themselves to opportunities (Thomas). For example, a fresh graduate out of college will likely go online and start looking for positions that best match their paper qualifications. In many cases, one may have undergraduate and even a master’s degree in a field such as business management and they will actually expect to apply for managerial positions on the entry level for which they will generally be qualified to save for perhaps the experience part. However, most of them will be frustrated, as they will keep being passed over for positions. However, every once in a while one runs into a colleague who left college at the same time as they, 4 years after college and they have a good

Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko Essay Example for Free

Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko Essay DarkoIn storytelling, monsters are used to express the fears and worries of humans. They allow us to discover our values by questioning our morals through imagination and illusion. In both Donnie Darko and Pan’s Labyrinth illustrating real-life monsters Captain Videl and Jim Cunningham enhances our fear of monsters. These villains symbolize the vulnerability we feel as we identify ourselves with the victims of the attack. We can relate each example of monsters to an evolution of our fears throughout our lives. The fear we have of monsters stems from the idea that our moral imaginations shape the danger inside these beastly beings. As children, our vulnerability came from our fears of losing security. The monsters hiding under our beds taunted us with the threat that we’d be eaten and would never see our parents or that our most valued possession would be taken from us. This juvenile fear is illustrated in Pan’s Labyrinth through Captain Videl. He encompasses the threats we felt as children by being controlling and dominating, as he manipulates Pan and she loses her innocence. As we mature and the limits of our moral boundaries widen, the term â€Å"monster† evolves into something more complex. As we enter into adolescence, and later into adulthood, our fears become something less to do with security and more to do with a threat to our happiness. Our moral imagination evokes fears of defeat and failure, a fear that we formulate in ourselves. As we grow older, we also fear the world and others that we cannot control. In Donnie Darko, Jim Cunningham, embodies our fears of a predator. He is the real-life monster we fear everyday with his complex, dark and twisted secrets. Ultimately, both Donnie Darko and Pan’s Labyrinth effectively embody our illusions of fear from childhood to adulthood.

Accounting Essays Comparability of Financial Statements

Accounting Essays Comparability of Financial Statements Comparability of Financial Statements. 1.0 Financial Statements and its Significance. In recent times, we have witnessed tremendous policy reforms and recommendations being made to tackle and control the manner in which businesses carry out their accounting work. Numerous accounting mismanagement and malpractices have only added to the urgency to bring regulations that seek to keep a check on accounting procedures followed by the corporate world. The failure of companies such as Enron due to inappropriate accounting tactics stands out as a perfect example. Investors in the form of shareholders and stakeholders provide huge sum of capital anticipating higher future returns. Firms are known to tamper with financial data in order to attract prospective investors to finance their capital requirements and debt elimination. Recently, Shell, one of world biggest energy and oil producing companies was accused of overstating oil reserves to attract investments and had eventually admitted to have tampered with its financial data. Therefore, proper scrutiny of financial statements is essentials especially since various individual and business interests are developed citing information provided in these statements. Countries such as the US have come up with regulations such as US GAAP1 to assess financial policies pursued by corporates and the format to be followed in publishing financial statements. Countries have adopt accounting procedures and guidelines framed under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to eliminate discrepancies in financial analysis, improve investment opportunities and to make financial information available. By 2005, all companies registered in the EU have to adhere by new accounting standard. Countries such as UK have come under immense pressure to replace UK GAAP with the new IFRS scheme. Investors often depend on various financial ratios to determine when and where to invest. Such complexities and the presence of diverse interests groups make it essential to develop financial mechanisms that determine the financial health of a company. Companies have to publish Annual Reports that summarise its financial status and act as a medium of information to its shareholders. An important and significant step in determining the health of a company is to analysis its historical financial statements. These historical data provides a picture of the financial health of a business and a roadmap outlining the direction the business is heading. The financial data are covered under various headings such as the Balance Sheet and Income Statements. Each of these has a particular format and is based on the principles of financial regulation framework such as the GAAP. We shall look at them briefly in the following chapter and also look at other techniques developed due to the shortcoming some of these financial ratios are known to show. 2.0 Understanding Financial Ratios Ratio is nothing but the comparison of one figure with another and is normally depicted as a percentage. Financial ratio is an analytical tool used to analyse trends, strength and weakness of a companys assets and its liabilities. Financial ratios are compared overtime on a year to year basis. The basic source for these ratios comes from the companys financial statements which contains information on the assets, liabilities, profits and losses and dividends accruing to its shareholders.2 The most common ratios can be classified under the following headings: Profitability Ratios Liquidity Ratios Capital Structure Ratios In the financial world, firms rely on investors to raise funds for its short and long term needs. This is done by floating shares in the stock markets or by issuing debentures or bonds (loans). The funds may come in the form of short term, medium or long term loans. An investor will only invest if he is fully convinced that his investment will gain higher returns/dividends. He may look at the balance sheet to analyse how much the company is worth. Liquidity is an important criterion that influences investor decisions. The company must be able to pay back its loans on time and doing so will only raise its reputation in the capital market for future borrowings. The company that relies heavily on borrowing its expenses will obviously find it difficult to service its liabilities. Besides, customers spending habit has a larger impact on the companys sales and liquidity. Purchase affects the companys stock of goods which, in turn, affects its liquidity. Since stocks cannot be sold in short notice, it has a direct impact on the firms capability to raise fund to finance short term debt financing. The current liabilities have to be settled in cash within short period of time. The presence of large stocks will artificially inflate the total current assets which may make it appear as if the company has enough resources to meet its short term liabilities. We shall look at some popular ratios that, though informative, cannot be used as an ideal tool for financial analysis. Lets see how. The annual report 2004 of The EMI Group suggests that group has current assets (including stocks) worth  £1107 million and current liabilities worth  £1403.5 million. The resultant current ratio is 0.78:1.3 This figure suggests that the Group does not have enough short term resources to meet its short term requirements. It has only 78 pence to meet a pound of debt. If we deduct the stocks ( £36.4 million) from its current assets to see its immediate liquidity, the quick ratio shows an even poor debt financing capability. The quick ratio is 0.76:1.4 This figure suggests that the Group has only 76 pence to meet every 1 pound worth of debt.5 Analysing the results suggest that it would be inappropriate to rely on the current ratio as it does not explain how much the company real assets are readily convertible into cash in short notice. Stocks are not highly liquid and therefore must be excluded in assessing the companys liquidity in the short period. Therefore, current ratio cannot be used as a reliable means to make investment decisions and that it essential that we look at other ratios and their merits and demerits to determine which of these is appropriate in the capital market. The Gross Profit Ratio is the ratio between the Gross Profit and the Sales Revenue. The Gross Profits is arrived at by deducting the Cost of Sales from the Sales Revenue.6 To analyse this ratio we shall look at the Income Statement of The Sandvik Group.7 The Consolidated Income Statement suggests that the group had an Invoiced Sales of  £4010.2 million and Cost of Sales equalling  £2742 million. The GP ratio between these two figures is 1.46:1 meaning that the group is able to make 46 pence extra from every  £1 of sales. It may look appealing but it must be noted that the Cost of Sales does not include other expenses that may significantly reduce the gross profits.8 If we deduct other expenses worth  £741.9 million, the operating profits drop to  £526.3 million. The Shareholders and the companys future investment plans and its dividend policies depends on the Net Profits. It is arrived at by deducting the interest payables. The Sandviks Net Profits for the year after tax de ductions are equivalent to  £327million. We can see that though the Gross Profit ratio is a useful ratio it does not shows the companys financial position and does not influence any investment decisions. The real true figure that matters is the Net Profits after taxation. The ratio categorised under capital structure ratios are more elaborate and descriptive. However when using ratios such as gearing and interest cover, factor such as market structure, consumer preference and taste, economies of scale, product type have considerable influence. For example, payments from debtors depends of consumer income and preference. These factors have its affect on the current assets (cash) which will in turn affect the company ability to pay its creditors. The points here is that though some factors cannot be measured and may not have direct consequences (market structure) it cannot be ignored. The ideas highlighted above are very important in performing financial analysis of a company. The accounting professionals have introduced techniques that are more accurate and explicable. We shall look at one such technique in the next chapter. 3.0 Improvement in assessment of financial statement. We have seen the technical failure of various financial ratios and the difficulty in using them as a tool to make investment decisions. Comparing financial results from different periods has its own drawbacks because there are no independent frameworks to assess whether the companys current results are good or bad. It is very important that care must be taken when comparing results between two different companies in terms of products, size, market share etc. For example, company A may have a significant market share (turnover) compared to company Bs but smaller net profit due to its bigger operational costs. Such discrepancies can influence wrong investment patterns and decisions. Another major drawback of ratio analysis is that accountants indulge in creative accounting techniques where ratios calculated from published financial statements show favourable figures. For example, sale and repurchase agreements manipulate liquidity figures and off-balance sheet finance which distorts return on capital employed and thereby influencing companys gearing. It is therefore essential that new approach to assessing financial statement must be devised and changed to suit to new market conditions. One such technique was developed by Professor Altman who devised a new technique popularly known as the Z-Score.9 The Z-Score is a statistical model that incorporates the use of five different ratios which serve to predict the health of a firm.10 The Z-Score is used to predict bankruptcy of the business using traditional financial ratios and statistical method known as the Multiple Discriminant Analysis. The Z-score is considered to be 90 % accurate in forecasting business failure one year into the future and 80 percent accurate in forecasting it two years into the future.11 By selecting various financial ratios and applying weight to each ratio it is possible to estimate the financial position of the company. In his study, he analysed over 22 such financial ratios and selected 5 distinctive ratios that focused on the balance sheet and performance ratios. Weights were assigned by establishing appropriate coefficients to show how each of these ratios influenced the dependent Z-Score. Altman Z-Score equation: Z = X1 (a) + X2 (b) + X3 (c) + X4 (d) + X5 (e)12 Where, X1 Working Capital/Total Assets. X2 Retained Earning/Total Assets. X3 EBIT/Total Assets.13 X4 Market Value Equity/Book Value of Total Debt. X5 Sales/Total Assets a, b, c, d, e are respective coefficient assigned to each ratios (X1,X2 ¦Ã‚ ¦..X5). Z Overall Z-Score. Now, companies expand their reach in the global market by producing goods that belong to different markets. Firms engage in horizontal and vertical integration to expand their market and also to reduce risk by spreading their resources in different activities. It is therefore illogical to do a financial comparison of firms from different industry. Professor Altman overcame the problem of comparing companies that specialised in different industries by altering the above equation by eliminating certain ratios. For example, Ratio X5 for non-manufacturing companies. This is done because sales/total assets ratio greatly varies from industry to industry. Z = X1 (a) + X2 (b) + X3 (c) + X4 (d) He modified the equation for a privately held company by implementing book value of equity as a private companys stocks are not publicly traded. He further devised Z Score table to determine a financial healthy company from a sick company in various industries. The companies in the grey area were considered misclassified. Unhealthy Gray Area Healthy Private Companies < 1.23 1.23 2.90 > 2.90 Public Companies < 1.81 1.81 2.99 > 2.99 Non Manufacturing Companies < 1.00 1.11 2.60 > 2.60 The Z Score technique is gaining popularity in the financial world as an efficient and accurate method to predict financial health of a company and also it is less likely to be manipulated as Ratio Analysis are known to be. In the next chapter I shall focus on the International Financial Reporting standard and look at ways it can be improved to promote comparability and facilitate globalisation and movement of capital. 4.0 Financial Reporting and Applications. The International Financial Reporting Standards also known as the International Accounting Standard are a set of accounting standards companies must follow when formulating financial policies and publication of financial statements. In the EU, new regulations require EU companies to adopt International Accounting Standards by the year 2005. Questions have been raised as to whether we need international standards with massive movement towards free market. As Mr. Andrew Crockett puts in advances in IT and the ascendancy of free market principles have underpinned government-led to market-led financial system ¦.the period saw the emergence of financial instability 14 Mr. Crockett also stress on the fact that we need to develop, seek global acceptance of, and implement a set of codes or standards that pertain to key elements of financial system infrastructure . It was felt that certain regulations on financial prices, financial statements framework, and accounting principles pertaining to domestic and cross border transactions were hindering market forces. These factors combined with the shift towards greater fiscal and monetary prudence laid the foundation for a system that controlled capital movement across borders and international standards that improved global accounting principles. The steps taken to achieve efficient financial mechanism must be able to address two factors firstly, it must be able to identify the most economic way of utilising resources and secondly, it must be able to control the manner in which these resources are utilised. It forms the basis for the allocation of income among various claimants on the company and to bring in financial discipline. The major advantages of such reporting standards are:- It helps in poverty reduction by reducing the risk of financial crisis and their impact on the global poor. It achieves significance because the scope of globalisation has reached almost every single country. It helps in creating investor confidence by improving investment climate, eradication of loopholes affecting direct and indirect investments. Its helps by eliminating barriers on free movement of market information and sentiments. It assists local governments to implement taxation regulations and also unwanted barriers to trade. Despite the advantages of having international standards for financial reporting, it is quite evident that certain factors act as a barrier to accounting standards. For e.g. the UK banking sector has been in the forefront of this conflict between the international standards and the national standards. Lets very briefly look at two such regulations that will have an impact on the banking sector the Basel II capital accord and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which apply to all companies listed in the EU.15 Basel II requires banks to link their capital to risk. It is likely to have consequences on all types of lending to SMEs and large companies. Despite the advantages in terms of better risk management and accurate pricing of loans, the complexity involved in switching will cause some problems. The eventual replacement of UK GAAP with the IFRS comes with the complexity of changing over, cost involved and bad debt provisions. According to an article published in the Business Money magazine by Mr. Mike Imeson, the HSBC bank incurred $ 400 million in expense to bring regulatory changes in accounting standards world over in 2003. Similar sentiments were expressed by Mr. Stephen Pegge, Lloyd TSB in this article by saying that when a business approaches you for a loan, you wont know for certain which legislation applies .16 Considering the above statements, it is essential to look at national concern towards the development of an international standard on financial regulation. It is true that it will improve investment opportunities by elimination of unwanted barriers and it is also likely to create expenses that may prove as a hindrance to an already volatile and underdeveloped financial systems in most countries. As Mr. Pegge puts in, it will create confusion in the mind of investors and lenders as to what legislation applies and bureaucratic delays in understanding and applying them. 5.0 Conclusions In the preceding chapters, we have seen the importance of financial analysis in investment choice and decision making. The ratio forms a very important aspect in making financial choices and also acts as a medium for companies to assess their business performance. Financial analysis of these ratios influences the interests of various groups of individuals and organisations such as Individual shareholders, Employees, Managers, Directors, Governments. Considering these interest groups and affects on each of these entities, the need for an international framework for accounting standard has being increasing felt. It acts as a medium of information for the investors who would assess the basis for making further investments and also to see how well the company is performing. The managers stand to benefit as their remuneration and income are directly linked to the company performance. The governments policy towards economic development and need for further reforms are based on these financial analysis and financial statements. It forms the basis for taxes on trade and tax benefits and exemptions. While the importance haves been highlighted, it is also essential to note that drawbacks are not ignored. As Mr. Pegge points out there must be a clear understanding of the legislations and it must work towards reducing costs rather than increasing it. To conclude, financial reforms and regulations are an essential component in todays global economy. Financial statements must as an informative source free from manipulations of date and figures. References and Bibliography Chartered Institute of Management Accountant (CIMA), (2005 Edition), Financial Accounting Fundamentals Paper C2. Chartered Institute of Management Accountant (CIMA), (2005 Edition), Management Accounting Fundamentals Paper C1. Annual Report, 2004, The EMI Group. Annual Report, 2004, The Sandvik Group. Internet Sources: The EMI Group www.emigroup.com/financial.html The Sandvik Group www3.sandvik.com/pdf/annualreports/sandvik2004_eng_web.pdf Vercor The Global Resource for Business, Sales, Merger and Acquisitions www.vercoradvisor.com/articles/companyscore.html Bank for International Settlement www.bis.org/speeches/sp020227.htm BusinessMoney.com http://www.business-money.com/features_mike_imeson_jan05.html Ventureline www.ventureline.com/SampleOneIndustry.asp

International Entrepreneurship leads to greater cultural understanding

International Entrepreneurship leads to greater cultural understanding Globalization of the world market brings new possibilities as well as enormous hurdles for both established and young businesses. With the emergence of international entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs are concentrating on specific issues that they face operating in complex environments affected by diverse national cultures and institutional influences (Johanson Vahlne, 2009). New global entrepreneurs depend on global networks for resources, distribution, and designs for growth. International entrepreneurs realize that success in a new marketplace requires agility, ingenuity, and certainty with a global viewpoint to acquire sustainability. Thus, global thinking is beneficial since foreign business clients can choose ideas, products, and services from many countries and cultures. However, entering into a foreign environment and culture can also become an obstacle psychologically in and of itself for the individual international entrepreneur (Mitchell et al., 2002). This paper will examin e two areas that focus on the importance of cultural understanding in international entrepreneurship. The first will comprise of how entrepreneurs who expand into international markets must know how to think globally in order to design and adopt strategies for different nations as a business ventures into an uncertain market. The second part will explore how psychological adaptation of the individual entering a foreign culture is interconnected with the international entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs can expand their business by participating in the global market; as every year thousands of small business enterprises are actively engaged in the international field. International entrepreneurship studies have started to focus on specific topics that confront entrepreneurs as they expand their new ventures (Zahra, Korri, Yu, 2005). The definition of international entrepreneurship in this paper will focus on the process of creatively discovering and exploiting opportunities that lie outside of a firms domestic markets in the pursuit of competitive advantage (Zahra George, 2002); across national borders, to create future goods and services (Oviatt McDougall, 2005). This meaning incorporates the process aspect of international entrepreneurship, which focuses on a central issue of why some individuals exploit international opportunities while others equally well placed do not act on them (Zahra, Korri, Yu, 2005). Globalization is a process fuelled by increasing cross border flows of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture (Held et al., 1999, p. 16). However, the use of this term will refer to Guillà ©ns (2001) definition of globalization as a process leading to greater interdependence and mutual awareness among participants in general. Guillà ©n (2001) combines the understanding of globalization as the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole, and as the diffusion of practices, values and technology that have an influence on peoples lives worldwide (Guillà ©n, 2001). Noticing opportunities is normally more difficult in international settings, and the level of uncertainty that the potential entrepreneur must undergo will also be greater. Entrepreneurs able to function successfully in international settings may be both more skilled at noticing opportunities and have a greater capacity to endure the uncertainty associated with international entrepreneurship (Lu Beaamish, 2001). Noticing opportunities is normally more difficult in international settings, and the level of uncertainty that the potential entrepreneur must endure will also be greater (Coviello, 2006). Oviatt and McDougall (2005) emphasized that international entrepreneurs display the intention to compete in multiple locales at the inception of the firm to exploit existing international opportunities and would have the intention to do so when they started their firms (McNaughton, 2003). Starting a firm is a difficult process under the best of circumstances. International business scholars have traditionally argued that internationalization is difficult because firms had to overcome a liability of foreignness, although Johanson and Vahlne (2009) have recently acknowledge that being part of an effective network and prior knowledge can greatly accelerate the international entrepreneurship process. This liability of foreignness was based on the fact that firms and entrepreneurs lacked knowledge about doing business in other countries, which meant they had to endure the costs of learning and the discomfort of uncertainty (Lu Beaamish 2001). However, by positioning themselves in relevan t networks, or because of their past experience, many entrepreneurs have high levels of operational knowledge about foreign markets. In this manner, the traditional approaches for dealing with the liability of foreignness of either imitating local firms or by transferring unique organizational or managerial competences to their foreign unit (Sapienza et al., 2006) have been supplemented with a knowledge component, which is more related to uncertainty. There has been an acknowledgement that firms could begin to internationalize sooner and Sapienza et al. (2006, p. 915) suggest that the earlier a firm internationalizes, the more deeply imprinted its dynamic capability for exploiting opportunities in foreign markets will be. Others have pointed out the benefits of internationalizing earlier, or at least exporting at an earlier stage (Kundu Katz 2003). This may be because although there is a cost to learning, early entrants begin this process sooner (Autio, Sapienza, Almeida, 2000) an d at least some suggest they should do this before they actually start the firm (Coviello, 2006). An entrepreneur who would like to take advantage of international markets may have to study a foreign language, may have lived abroad and may be face with culture shock. Entrepreneurs must realize their companys competitive advantage such as: technology, price, financial superiority, or marketing, product innovation, an efficient distribution network or possession of exclusive information about the foreign market (Sapienza et al., 2006). Declining market conditions at home may cause entrepreneurs to seek foreign markets to help their business. Successful global entrepreneurs should have the following characteristics: a global vision, international management experience, innovative marketing or technology processes, a strong international business network, and effective organizational coordination worldwide (Lee, Peng, Barney, 2007). When global opportunities occur, entrepreneurs are likely more open-minded about internationalizing. The advantage of international trade is that a companys market is expanded much and growth prospects are greatly raised. Other advantages include minimizing seasonal slumps, reducing idle capacity, getting knowledgeable about products not sold in target markets, technology used in other countries, and learning about other cultures (Johnson, Lenartowicz, Apud, 2006). Before going to a foreign market, it is essential to study the unique culture of the potential consumers. Concepts of how the product is used, psychographics, demographics, and political norms as well as legal normally differ from an entrepreneurs home country (Miller Parkhe, 2002). De Tienne Chandler (2004) suggest that entrepreneurs must consider five factors relative to the country and cultures that the business venture will inhabit. First, they must study foreign government regulations: patent, import regulations, t rademark laws, and copyright that affect their products. Second, they must know political climate: relationship between business and government or public attitudes and political events in a given country affect foreign business transactions. Third, they must consider infrastructure: packaging, distribution system, and shipping of their export product. Fourth, they must research distribution channels: accepted trade both retail and wholesale, service charges and normal commissions, distribution agreements and laws pertain to agency. And fifth, they must study competition: number of competitors in target nations and their market share, as well as their price, place, product and promotion. Additionally, they must find market size: of their product stability, size, country by country, and know what nations are markets expanding, opening, maturing, or declining (De Tienne Chandler, 2004). Eventually, entrepreneurs must understand culture of their products. Small businesses can study int ernational cultures by business travel, participating in training programs, reading the current literature, and undertaking formal educational programs. Small business, who wants to sell product on a worldwide basis must realize different standardization in each country. In some cases, goods must be adapted for different local markets if it is to be accepted and consumer goods always require much more adaptation (Johanson Vahlne, 2009). One issue related to international opportunity is why individuals in home countries are not the ones that take action on these opportunities, which would seem logical, as they are better positioned to notice. This question is especially important because research indicates that local firms usually have higher levels of performance than do foreign firms (Miller Parkhe, 2002). While the matter of liability of foreignness is present in some cases, this relates to firms competing in the same industry. Thus, when locals begin to imitate the foreign firm, they may in fact end up with higher levels of performance, because of factors such as lower lawsuit awards (Mezias, 2002). However, national average levels of entrepreneurship to uncertainty, opportunity, and cognition uncertainty avoidance are not identical across countries (Hofstede, 2001). This suggests that although it is possible that both a local and foreigner notice a specific opportunity at the same time, the local may not act fo r both the fear of failure and stigma attached to that failure in certain cultures (Lee, Peng, Barney, 2007). Thus, the potential entrepreneur must also be willing to endure the uncertainty associated with acting on these opportunities. To gain insight into effective professional task performance across cultures, an understanding of effective communication and psychological adaptation has to be complemented by an exploration of the effect of culture on task process. Over the last few years studies on cross cultural competencies in different professional fields have started to emerge. Examining the relationship between national culture and entrepreneurship is an important emerging subject matter in international entrepreneurship (Hayton, George, Zahra, 2002). The sociological viewpoint on entrepreneurship proposes that entrepreneurs are intertwined in a social framework and their cognitive process and behaviours are shaped by the interactions between the environment and entrepreneur (Zahr, Korri, Yu, 2005). There is also evidence of the impact of national cultural values on the characteristics and behaviour of individual entrepreneurs (Mitchell et al., 2002). Mitchell et al. (2002) confirmed that entrepreneurs share a set of cultural values, regardless of their national origin or cultural background. However, it appears that whilst some core values are shared across different countries and cultures, some of the behaviours of individual entrepreneurs reflect the value system of their respected national culture. With regards to adaptation in international entrepreneurship, entering into a foreign environment is not a transition for the business venture alone. The actors, international entrepreneurs, involved are also plunging into same the foreign environment (Hofstede, 2001). Entering a new culture means commencing to share a pattern of thinking, feeling, reacting, and problem-solving (Saee, 1999). Cross-cultural psychology argues that unfamiliar cultural territory negatively affects an individuals affective, both the sense making and cognitive mechanisms, and undermines the appropriateness and effectiveness of their behavioural responses (Maznevski Lane, 2004). This happens when individuals are unable to accurately perceive and interpret the alien cultural environment, nor explain or predict the behaviour of people with different cultural backgrounds (Maznevski Lane, 2004). Evidence suggests that exposure to a foreign cultural environment can cause culture shock, a psychological conditio n which adversely affects psychological and affective states (Johnson et al., 2006). Saee (1999) contends that opportunity identification competencies developed in an entrepreneurs home cultural environment may not be sufficient to perceive a high level of entrepreneurial self-efficacy about performing the task of identifying opportunities across borders and cultures. Cross-cultural studies have explored the challenges that a foreign cultural environment poses to human behaviour, cognition, and professional performance. Human behaviour is considered the coping mechanism that individuals consequently develop. Some researchers suggest that building this coping mechanism, in individuals, amounts to developing a global mindset or cultural intelligence (Maznevski Lane, 2004; Early Mosakowski, 2004). According to Maznevski and Lane (2004, p. 172), a global mindset is the ability to develop and interpret criteria for personal and business performance that are independent from the assumptions of a single country, culture, or context; then to adequately implement those in different countries, cultures, and contexts. Cultural intelligence is seen as the ability to interpret the foreigners behaviour the way the foreigners countryman would (Earley Mosakowsi, 2004). Cross-cultural competence is defined as the appropriateness and effectiveness of ones behavi our in a foreign cultural environment (Mitchell et al., 2000). Psychological adaptation is considered the centre point of personal traits and attributes that help generate internal responses in an unfamiliar environment by managing stress (Saee, 1999). Successful adaptation to a host cultural environment requires the abilities to be mindful, to tolerate ambiguity, and the ability to explain and make accurate predictions of strangers behaviour (Saee, 1999). This also includes the levels of anxiety and uncertainty that affect the intercultural encounter (Saee, 1999). CONCLUSION: International entrepreneurs actually face greater uncertainty than is generally common in more established businesses, which benefit from learning and experience, because international entrepreneurship is about the implementation of a new innovative business. There is an uncertainty to entrepreneurship and the role it plays in initiating the process. Mitchell et al., (2000) observes that entrepreneurial action is a result of overcoming and paralysis that is caused by the uncertainty that precedes the entrepreneurial act. Guillà ©n (2001) adds that the key concept that entrepreneurs create new combinations, which become the innovations that are the engine of economic growth. The entrepreneur is likely to see the opportunity as relatively certain. This is important with regards to international entrepreneurship in that exploiting an international opportunity requires more than dealing with operational certainty; there is also a high level of cultural uncertainty that the entrepreneur has to endure to ensure the new ventures prosperity. The volume of research on international entrepreneurship supports the notion that a period of domestic development is no longer necessary for many firms and that international entrepreneurship is possible at the time the firm is established or shortly thereafter. However, consideration must be taken with respect to the foreign culture a venture will go into and the psychological affects upon the entrepreneurs joining in the venture. Effective operation in the globalised economy requires that entrepreneurs develop new skills and competencies. Some of these skills and competences are needed to deal with national and regional cultural differences that are becoming intense with the continuance of globalisation (De Tienne Chandler, 2004). (Authors) believe that current and future international entrepreneurs need to develop cross-cultural competence to successfully identify business opportunities.

Kansas-Nebraska Act Essay -- essays research papers

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and opened new lands for settlement. Because there was millions of acres of arable farmland, it was necessary to create a territorial infrastructure that would allow settlement. The people living in the Kansas-Nebraska area also wanted a railroad system for transportation. The railroad workers wanted to expand their railroad there as well, because they needed farmers for customers. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was created and proposed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who greatly supported the railroad system. Douglas was excited to have a railroad system that reached from his home city, Chicago, all the way to California. However, the Southerners felt differently about the railroad. The Southerners wanted a transcontinental railroad that began in New Orleans and extended to Southern California. Their different views about the railroads brought conflict between Douglas and the Southern Senators, so Douglas decided to make a compromise with them. Instead of having the railroad run throu...

Philosophers Impact on Marx and Engels :: Essays Papers

Philosopher's Impact on Marx and Engels One part of human nature is to want to gain more power. Within this idea there are many parts. First is the need for humans to overcome nature. Another part is gaining more territory. The more land a man has, the more powerful he feels. Lastly, having control over their own lives and the lives of others contributes to whether or not they feel powerful. This concept can be seen in The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels are discussing the industrial revolution. This may seem far from the ideas of humans overcoming nature and gaining more power; however, it is not. The industrial revolution came about because of the need to expand. The reason they needed to expand was because they wanted more power. The power hungriness in humans, however, can often get out of hand. This is shown in the industrial revolution. People, the bourgeoisie to be more specific, became so greedy that it did not matter whom they used to gain more power. This is the situation that Marx and Engels try to rectify. Not only are human’s actions affecting nature through pollution, but they are also affecting society itself. People are living in poverty and filth, and the upper classes are making no advances to stop it. This is what motivated Marx and Engels to publish their thoughts. Marx and Engels were influenced by many philosophers, the most influential, however, was G. W. F. Hegel. Hegel was so influential that in order to analyze the other philosopher s one must do so through Hegel’s interaction with them. Marx especially, shares many of the same views with Hegel although they do differ on certain issues. â€Å"Despite Marx’s never-ending attack on Hegel, the Marxian conception of history is Hegelian through and through.†1 Hegel’s philosophy is focused on the criticism of Kant and Fichte, two other German philosophers. Engels once wrote â€Å"We German socialists are proud that we trace our descent not only from Saint Simon, Fourier, and Owen, but also from Kant, Fichte, and Hegel.†2 To this list one must also add Ludwig Feuerbach who Engels wrote about later in life. These philosophers had the most influence on Marx and Engels. Their philosophies are all interrelated. In fact many of their works either criticize or build upon one of the others previous works.

Explore the background of the study, the problem discussion

Chapter 11 Introduction:This subdivision will research the background of the survey, the job treatment, research inquiries, boundary lines and the clip program for research work.1.1 Background:In today ‘s information age, the usage of computing machines in any organisation is cardinal. We use computing machine in each and every facet of our lives. Anybody who wants to win in today ‘s universe can non afford to disregard computing machines and information engineering. Any industrial, concern or administrative organisation comprises of different constituents such as employees, concern procedures and the machinery equipment etc. It is indispensable to pull off and use these constituents in order to accomplish the coveted ends. The direction and use of these constituents is possible merely if the managerial governments are provided with the full information about the handinesss and capablenesss of all constituents. For intent to accomplish, Information System ( IS ) was intro duced which was an effort to garner the needed information and shop it for efficient running of the organisation in order to accomplish its ends. Subsequently on the demand arose to concentrate on development of some kind of information systems which would be integrated, transverse functional and could work expeditiously across organisation. M. Lynne Markus & A ; Cornelis Tanis ( 200 ) explained how the demand for such incorporate systems emerged. They highlighted that â€Å"the 1970s vision of a individual integrated information system for the endeavor remained a mirage for the bulk of computer-using organizations† . Software entrepreneurs at that clip started developing integrated package bundles in which multiple functional applications can portion a individual common database. They succeeded in their mission and eventually they came up with such systems/packages known as Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) . Harmonizing to Kumer et Al. ( 2008 ) , ERP systems initiated in fabrication industries and it was the first coevals of ERP system. He farther explained that the development of first coevals of ERP system was an wrong-side-out procedure, expanded and developed from standard stock list control ( IC ) bundles, to stuff demands planning ( MRP ) , material resources planning ( MRP II ) ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) . Then advanced it to a package bundle that aims to back up the full organisation ( Second coevals ERP systems ) and this advanced package bundle is so described as the following coevals ERP system branded as ERP II system ( Kumar and V. Hillegersberg ) . In the average clip the unfastened beginning ERP besides came into the market. Harmonizing to Hars and Qu ( Hars, A. and Qu, S. , 2002 ) , Open beginning package derived back in 1950s and sixtiess. When package was sold, macros and public-service corporations were free. â€Å"However, the existent take-off of unfastened beginning package was likely when Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) that provided the conceptual foundation for unfastened beginning software† ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) . Open beginning is a particular sort of package development, design and distribution method. It allows entree to beginning codification. It became popular with the rise of cyberspace. Anyone can utilize, modify and redistribute the unfastened beginning package. The entree to the beginning codification provides more freedom to user to retrace or modify the codification harmonizing to their ain demands so that the package best fits their demands. Usually co mmunities of users and developers holding coaction through cyberspace communicate, design and develop unfastened beginning package. Subscribers from different parts of the universe may lend. The communities have capablenesss to alter undertaking beginning codification ; they have regular codification part among themselves. The community reviews the part of the users and developers and accepts that one that fulfills the undertaking criterions. Harmonizing to Bruce et Al. ( 2006 ) , unfastened beginning is mature and has strength in many countries like- OS, application waiters and security tools ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) . With the transition of clip different types of unfastened beginning package ‘s came into the market, so as the Open Source ERP besides emerged. Bruce et Al. ( 2006 ) referred it as 3rd moving ridge of Open Source package acceptance. They besides mentioned that concern applications countries like- CRM, ERP, content direction and concern intelligence OS is strong in. The unfastened beginning ERP is a system for advanced concerns taking for planetary coaction. Some of the well known unfastened beginning ERP applications suppliers are Compiere, Opentaps, ERP5, OpenPro etc.1.2 Problem DiscussionMost of the organisations are good familiar with ERP systems and the ERP market is rather appealing for them. The ERP systems have quickly become the de facto industry criterion for replacing of beques t systems ( A. N. Parr and Dr. G. Shanks, 2000 ) . The planetary ERP applications market is turning at a fast rate and continues to turn due to an addition demand for incorporate solutions. The ERP sellers are supplying organisations with different applications for their demands. A. N. Parr and Dr. G. Shanks ( 2000 ) explained it that the sellers of these to the full integrated package ( ERP systems ) offer package which is capable of treating all commercial maps of companies, even if they are diverse or geographically disparate. Despite the significance of ERP systems the world is that ERP is a complex systems, where the complexness comes from the fact that ERP systems are made-up to incorporate the organisation, both inter-organizational every bit good as intra-organizational, and its concern procedures in one ensemble bundle ( Koch, C. , 2001 ) . Nowadays bulk of the ERP sellers are altering their scheme and kept progressively developing it to do their place strong amongst the SMEs along with the big companies ( Amit Bajaj, 2008 ) . Large organisations find it easy to implement ERP systems due to the handiness of sufficient resources. Merely big houses have been able to bask the benefits of ERP systems ( Sandra J. Cereola, 2000 ) .On the other manus for the little and average sized companies it is difficult to deploy such ERP systems in their houses. Most SMEs operate in a extremely dynamic universe, where both internal and external demands may alter ( Branzei and Vertinsky, 2004 ) . Implementing such systems can be dearly-won for SMEs because they may necessitate advisers later on which will breed excess cost for them. SMEs play really of import function in the economic system and it is a important market to concentrate. That is why ERP sellers want to capture little and average sized concern with a figure of offerings which can assist SMEs to take full advantage of ERP without passing much clip, attempts and work force ( Amit Bajaj, 2008 ) . But the demands of the SMEs may be indistinguishable from each other. And they ne'er be bothered about highly decisive functionality, execution and bringing theoretical accounts that can maintain primary and returning costs low ( Michael Dominy, 2004 ) . With the changed scheme to make a centre of attending of the SMEs the sellers came up with new thoughts like- Application Service Providers ( ASP ) , Outsource ERP systems and Pre-configured ERP Applications for SMEs ( Amit Bajaj, 2008 ) . In malice of these attempts from ERP sellers, SMEs are still non profoundly interested to Proprietary ERP. B. Johansson and F. Sudzina ( 2009 ) described, â€Å"There is no uncertainty that there is a great involvement in unfastened beginning. † The increasing involvement in this field can be understood from the OS ERP Project registered in the SourceForge.net. â€Å"SourceForge.net provides free hosting to Open Source package development undertakings with a centralised resource for pull offing undertakings, issues, communications, and code† ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) . They besides mentioned that the package showed to be highest in the list of download is OpenBravo, which clearly focused merely on the SMEs as they described. Serrano and Sarreiegi ( 2006 ) argued that 12 SMEs successfully implemented OS ERP and they did it after measuring proprietary ERPs but the interesting fact is that the SMEs were non interested in unfastened beginning licence. So it can be said that it was non the fact that openness was the ground that made the SMEs install specific ERP systems ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) . This can besides be understood from the client ‘s successful execution instances of Compiere, one of the taking participants in the OS ERP market. Two of their clients replaced their bequest systems with Compiere. So free licensing is non the lone fact. From the treatment so far it is clear that the usage and growing of Open Source Software in Enterprise Computing sphere yet to be mentionable, although the significance of Open Source Software at nowadays is priceless. Even in academic sector at that place have non been so much research work done about different issues of Free/Open Source ERP. Throughout literature reappraisal of Enterprise Resources Planning we found so much stuff on the proprietary ERP. But when we come in to OS ERP we found small work has been done so far ; And some of import countries inside it are still ignored. The interesting thing was that in about all of these instances the unfastened beginning ERP are used by SMEs merely. Few research work raised the issues of cost and therefore proposed that cost is ground for the SMEs to follow it but nil or really less mentioned about why merely SMEs are implementing OS-ERP. What other factors or grounds are at that place that encourages the SMEs to travel towards OS-ERP .1.3 Research QuestionsWriting research paper usually initiates with the research inquiry ( s ) . The research inquiry ( s ) gives us a clear way for probe throughout our research. The likely research inquiries that will be investigated in item in our research are as follows.Q.What motivates SMEs to follow Open Source ERP? What motivates SMEs to follow Open Source ERP?1.4 PurposeThe intent of this survey is to look upon at the addition impetus of utilizing OS ERP by SMEs and research cognition about assorted principles that motivates Small and Medium Sized ( SMEs ) companies in following OS ERP. This paper is an effort to supply information to those who are interested in OS ERP construct and assorted issues related to it ; and to those companies who have desire to utilize OSS ERP and seeks information about it. The focal point will be to indentify those principles that motivates and influcence SMEs to implement OS ERP even though the proprietary ERP sellers have different schemes to pull SMEs. At first they will be indentified and analyzed thenceforth.1.5 Boundary linesThe survey is based on those companies which fall under the definition of SMEs, and to the companies that are accessible for survey. The survey is besides limited to experiences or sentiments of the users and sentiments of the sellers are non mentioned. This signifies that Open beginning ERP user ‘s position will be mentioned and that of seller ‘s will be excluded.Chapter 22 Frame of Mention:This chapter focuses on assorted definitions and constructs related to Enterprise resource be aftering systems. Here we will besides discourse about OS ERP and of its outgrowth. The different definitions, constructs and the related work in the field of OS ERP will besides be discussed here to assist us in showing the model for our survey.2.1 Information Systems:The information systems include hardware, package, informations, procedure and people ; and its function is to treat informations into in formation utilizing information engineering, concern procedures, and people resources ( Motiwalla 2009, p:4 ) . Further the UK Academy of Information Systems ( UKAIS ) defines Information systems as the agencies by which people and organisations, using engineering, gather, procedure, shop, usage and disseminate information ( J. Ward & A ; J. Peppard ; 2002, P: 20 ) .2.2 Incorporate information systems:Integrated information systems refers to the interaction of two or more than two information systems with one another. It is an enlargement of a basic information system achieved through system design of an improved or broader capableness by functionally or technically associating two or more information systems, or by integrating a part of the functional or proficient elements of one information system into another. Integrated Information Systems is the constellation that helps to organize the mechanised operations in an organisation. This tool can be referred as one measure in front of direction information systems. They help in providing the needed information that one can make up one's mind upon in an organisation. This is regarded as one of the critical map in the concern organisation. Information systems need to hold integrated informations, applications, and resources from across the organisation. To carry through this, the incorporate information systems are needed today to concentrate on clients, to treat efficiency, and to assist construct squads that bring employees together from different functional countries ( Motiwalla 2009 ; P:07 ) .2.3 Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) :An Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) system is an integrated package system that manages the mainstream operations of an organisation. ERP is frequently defined as the standardised packaged package designed a t taking integrating the full value concatenation in the organisation, as described by lengnick-Hall et Al. ( 2004 ) and Rolland et al. ( 2000 ) . Quoting Alshawi et Al, 2004 as they stated â€Å"What is different about ERP systems is that they integrate across maps to make a individual, incorporate system, instead than a group of separate, insular applications† And Davenport ( 1998 ) defined it as â€Å"ERP ( Enterprise Resource Planning Systems ) comprises of a commercial package bundle that promises the seamless integrating of all the information fluxing through the company fiscal, accounting, human resources, supply concatenation and client information† Kumar and Hillsgersberg ( 2000 ) have a similar definition to Davenport ‘s: â€Å"ERP systems are configurable information systems packages that integrate information and in-formation-based procedures within and across functional countries in an organization† . Tadjer ( 1998 ) has a more proficient definition than Davenport ( 1998 ) and Kumar and Hillsgersberg ( 2000 ) , the definition reads: â€Å"One database, one application and a incorporate interface across the full enterprise† . ERP systems are the first coevals of endeavor systems whose end was to incorporate informations across and be comprehensive in back uping all the major maps of the organisation. They are comprehensive package applications that support critical organisational maps. These integrated information systems support enterprise maps like accounting, fiscal, selling, and production demands of organisations. This allows for existent clip informations flows between the functional applications ( Motiwalla 2009 ; p:7,8 ) . Wier et Al. ( 2007 ) argue that purpose of ERP systems is to incorporate concern procedures and ICT into a consonant aggregation of processs, applications and prosodies which can work over the boundaries of houses. ERP systems are all inclusive applications that can execute specific critical organisational maps. It makes the information flow smooth and dynamic. The intent is to do the information flow blink of an eye and extinguish the information redundancy, and to add more flexibleness. It allows different units of the organisations to come under one substructure. The information integrating allowed by the ERP empowers the reusing of the informations across all the systems. Motiwalla ( 2009 ; p:9 ) highlighted this by saying that the end of ERP is to incorporate sections and maps across an organisation onto a individual substructure that serves the demands of each section. They farther explained that an ERP system combines all units of an organisation together into a individual, incorporate package environment that works on a individual database, thereby leting assorted sections to portion information and communicate with each other more easy.2.4 Small and Medium Sized Enterprises ( SMEs ) :Specific definition of the SMEs are tough to happen as it varies and depends on standards such as figure on employees and turnover ( Burgess, 2002 ) . As Thomas Deelmann and Peter Loos ( 2002 ) mentioned, â€Å"The acronym SME ( Small and Medium-sized Enterprise ) tries to group a kind of companies, which are little and average sized in a particular manner. Unfortunately this categorization is non good defined.† â€Å"In 1971 Bolton Report ( Dawes & A ; Haydock in Frank, 1999 ) defined SMEs on the footing of figure of employees, turnover and an economic definition that was based on the indispensable features of the little firms† ( Kishore, K. , Bandi & A ; Kamlesh Bhatt, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to official EU definition of the SMEs is based on the combination of the undermentioned standards: figure of employees, independency, turnover and balanced-sheet sum. As mentioned in the imperativeness releases on 08-02-1996, in order to be considered as an SME an endeavor must hold less than 250 employees and one-year turnover non transcending than 40 million euro. A farther basic standard added in the definition is â€Å"independence† , means the house can non be owned by the one or jointly by several big endeavor more than 25 % .The distinction of SMEs can be understood clearly from the following tabular array.Table 2.1EU official definition of SMEEnterprise CategoryMaximal figure of employeesMaximal one-year turnoverMaximal one-year balance sheet entireMaximal % can be owned by the one or jointly by severel big endeavor.Very Small9— — — — — — — — — –— — — —   — — — –Small497 million Euros5 million Euros25 %Medium24940 million Euros27 million Euros25 %Harmonizing to the Swedish official Statisticss from Statisticss Sweden ( StatistikaCentralbyran, SCB ) , a company is typically categorized as SME when it has maximal 199 employees ( Jennie Lindmark & A ; Lena Zetterwall, 1998 ) . Small and Medium Sized company has important impact on economic system. 20 % of entire export come from the SMEs in Sweden Having less than 200 employees ( Jennie, L. & A ; L. Zetterwall,1998 cited in Kishore, K. , Bandi & A ; Kamlesh Bhatt, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Sandra J. Cereola ( 2000 ) , â€Å"SMEs play an tremendous function in most economic systems. Harmonizing to the US Census Bureau, in 2005 SMEs represented about 80 six per centum of the entire constitutions ( 90 nine per centum of the entire houses ) and accounted for about 50 per centum of the entire employment ( U.S. Census Bureau 2005 ) †2.5 Open Source SoftwareNowadays the usage of unfastened beginning package is obvious in about every field. Assorted writers tried to explicate the construct of OSS. OSS/FS plans are plans whose licences give users the freedom to run the plan for any intent, to analyze and modify the plan, and to redistribute transcripts of either the original or modified plan ( David A. Wheeler , 2007 ) . The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) introduces the definition of unfastened beginning package as such ; Open beginning mean entree to the beginning codification but that it should follow the undermentioned features as good.Free distribution– agencies at that place should non be any limitations on a party from selling or administering any constituent of a package and shall non necessitate any fee for sale. – means there should non be any limitations on a party from selling or administering any constituent of a package and shall non necessitate any fee for sale.Beginning Code –the plan must include beginning codification and it must be in a clear signifier so that a coder could modify the plan. the plan must include beginning codification and it must be in a clear signifier so that a coder could modify the plan.Derived Plants– Furthermore the licence must let alterations, other derived plants and distribution of such work under the original licence footings. – Furthermore the licence must let alterations, other derived plants and distribution of such work under the original licence footings.Integrity of The Author ‘s Source Code –The licence may curtail beginning codification that alterations are distributed as ‘patch files ‘ . In add-on the licence should incorporate that derived plants hold a different name or version figure from the original package. The licence may curtail beginning codification that alterations are distributed as ‘patch files ‘ . In add-on the licence should incorporate that derived plants hold a different name or version figure from the original package.No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups –agencies that the licence must non know apart against any individual or group of individuals. means that the licence must non know apart against any individual or group of individuals.No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor –It should non curtail the plan for utilizing by person in a concern or for familial research. It should non curtail the plan for utilizing by person in a concern or for familial research.Distribution of License –The rights of a plan must use to all those to whom such plan is redistributed. The rights of a plan must use to all those to whom such plan is redistributed.License Must Not Be Specific to a Product –License should hold the same rights to all parties to whom the plan is redistributed and that that are granted in concurrence with the original package distribution. License should hold the same rights to all parties to whom the plan is redistributed and that that are granted in concurrence with the original package distribution.License Must Not Restrict Other Software –at that place should non be any limitations on other package that is distributed along with the accredited package in a licence. there should non be any limitations on other package that is distributed along with the accredit ed package in a licence.License Must Be Technology Neutral-the licence should non incorporate any requirement on any single engineering or manner of interface. the licence should non incorporate any requirement on any single engineering or manner of interface. Those licences that fulfill the above conditions can obtain certifications from OSI and after being certified by OSI may utilize their enfranchisement grade. Peoples frequently misinterpret the term unfastened beginning which they believe, is ever refer to freely available package and they can modify or administer it without any restriction or so ; while the existent scenario is a bit different. There are some types of unfastened beginning package and different issues are related with them. Many writers tried to concentrate on the likely types of unfastened beginning package and the most outstanding among them is Dirk Riehle. Riehle. D ( 2007 ) pointed out this by explicating that there are two different types of unfastened beginning package, one is community unfastened beginning and other is commercial unfastened beginning. Harmonizing to Riehle, the Community unfastened beginning is package developed by a community. On the other manus the commercial unfastened beginning is package that a for net income entity owns and develops. These types differ in the context that in each of them, who decides on the future way of a package. He farther discussed that in the instance of community unfastened beginning a wide community of voluntaries which includes single developers decides that which parts should be accepted in the beginning codification base and where the package is bearing. On the other manus in commercial unfastened beginning instance a company decides on what should be accepted into package codification base. Here it is the company which maintains the right of first publication and decides what to implement later. The point that he stated is that in the community unfastened beginning instance no market entry barriers exist, and hence can, given the right licence, anyone set up a company and get down merchandising package which is non in the instance of commercial unfastened beginning where market entry barriers exists. Harmonizing to Riehle ( 2007 ) in commercial unfastened beginning instance, the involvement is non in selling package as such, alternatively they sell its proviso, care, and support to stop users .2.6 Open Source ERP Systems and SMEsThe construct of unfastened beginning ERP is a spot confusing and tough to understand and depict due to the engagement of excessively many wide constructs wholly. By sing literature we did non happen any agreed or more specifically exact definition of OS ERP. Rather it is defined in the context of unfastened beginning and ERP jointly. Most of writers tried to give some kind of general definition and formulates that OSS ERP can be refer to the package plans which are obtained by organisations from sellers for certain fee ; that can be modified or customized without programming to do it fit harmonizing to their ain demands ; and moreover is a system for advanced concerns taking for planetary coaction. Jakob Nielsen ( 2001 ) explained the jobs with traditional ERP systems by saying that ‘‘ERP package theoretical accounts are excessively complex, difficult to widen and updated which leads to high costs, large development attempts, really big and excess informations constructions. † He further argued that the integrating and execution are excessively complicated, sulky, dearly-won and unable to run into the demands of clients in most of the instances. Furthermore the user interfaces are frequently musty, inflexible, customization is non possible and the package is work outing non plenty undertakings. Joseph et.al ; ( 2005 ) supported him and stated that the current commercial ERP systems development is confronting a batch of unsolved jobs and with less available solutions to work out them decently. The grounds is that the package development theoretical accounts have non changed much in the last decennaries. Bjorn Johansson ( 2008 ) tries to explicate that package s ellers of proprietary ERPs face some challenges, which they need to take attention of if they are to be able to remain in concern in the hereafter. He pointed out that the inquiry arises of whether or non unfastened beginning can function as a utile input for calculating out how to pull off future challenges. He farther illustrates that the challenges for future development of ERPs addressed by proprietary ERP package sellers could be one ground for the high attending among developers of unfastened beginning ERPs. Hyoseob kim & A ; Cornelia Boldyreff ( 2005 ) explained the outgrowth of OS ERP in a diverse position by saying, that the endeavor information systems ( EIS ) like ERP and CRM applications are important to the successes of an organisation as they handle concern procedures. Recently, although it is still in its babyhood the OSS community has started to travel into this sector i.e. Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) . They further argue that because of the complexness associated with big corporations concern procedures, OSS ERP might ne'er be suited for them while SMEs are more suited campaigners for it as they can more easy adapt themselves to of all time altering concern environments. Alexander Dreiling et.al ; ( 2005 ) argue that dissatisfaction with traditional endeavor systems can be explained by the configuration between developers and users, which is in favour of the developers, and that a important basis for that is the proprietary nature of package licensed to organisations. With assorted successful unfastened beginning development initiatives the unfastened beginning package development provides us with a feasible option to the proprietary development of endeavor systems. Soh, kin and Tay-Yap ( 14 ) describes that the jobs of ‘misfit ‘ persists in following package bundle, which means that there is a spread between functionality offered by the bundle and the functionality required from the following organisation. This spread can be trounce by the unfastened beginning phenomenon, in ERP context it is referred to as OS ERP. Svilen Valkov ( 2008 ) highlighted the importance of the construct of unfastened beginning ERP system, harmonizing to him it is for an advanced concern platform which is based on planetary coaction. Thomas Herzog ( 2006 ) stated that unfastened ERP package has less than 5 per centum of the concern package market. Although there is chance for enlargement of this sort of package but the most of the unfastened beginning solutions are excessively little and there aim groups includes largely SMEs. B. johansson & A ; F. Sudzina ( 2008 ) discussed that detecting the figure of downloads of the Open beginning ERP package ‘s in recent old ages, can give some consciousness sing the involvement shown by organisations for this kind of package. They besides clarify that although the figure of downloads does non give any verification these packages are really adopted by organisations but the premise is that the rate of acceptance will be additions with the addition into downloads. Harmonizing to them by analyzing the figure of downloads of the six different Open beginning ERP suppliers ; indicates that at this minute the SMEs are more interested in utilizing these unfastened beginning ERPs. Open Source ERP seems full of possible for high growing in the hereafter. As companies are seeking more and more for cutting costs and deriving competitory advantage, Open Source seems to be a good option to SMEs and to some big organisations as good ( V. G. Fougatsaro, 2009 ) .2.7 Critical Suc cess factors of ERP execution:ERP systems automate the nucleus activities of the organisation by tantrum in the best patterns and re-engineering in the nucleus concern activities or by doing accommodation in the package harmonizing to organisations demand ( Christopher P. Holland and Ben Light, 1999 ) . The successful execution of ERP system promises immense benefits but the black consequence of it is besides fabricated ( Vidyaranya B. Gargeya & A ; Cydnee Brady, 2005 ) . As stated by Davenport ( 2000 ) , â€Å"A well-planned and well-executed ERP Implementation, in concurrence with a good opportunity direction plan, can make a dramatic turnaround for the company† . But from the beginning, ERP executions have been weighed down by failure ( Murray & A ; Coffin, 2001 ) . Almost 9o per centum of the entire ERP executions are late or over budget ( Christopher P. Holland and Ben Light, 1999 ) and at least half of them failed to achieve the coveted consequences ( Yasar, et al.,2000 ) . Harmonizing to The Gartner Group, 70 % of the entire figure of ERP execution fails to be implemented wholly even after three old ages ( Vidyaranya B. Gargeya & A ; Cydnee Brady, 2005 ) . The high failure rate of ERP execution entails for a better apprehension of Critical Success Factors ( Somers et al. , 2000 cited in FFH Nah et al.,2001 ) . There has been considerable research work for placing the Critical Success Factors of ERP execution motivated by the jobs, troubl es and hazard related to this ( Loukis, et al. , 2008 ) . Somers et Al. ( 2001 ) in their survey mentioned 22 Critical Success Factors for the ERP execution. The top 10 CSF of ERP execution proposed by them are- Top Management Support, Project squad competency, Interdepartmental Cooperation, clear ends and aims, undertaking direction, inter departmental communicating, Management of outlooks, Project title-holder, Vendor Support, Careful bundle choice. Christopher P. Holland and Ben Light ( 1999 ) proposed a Critical Success Factors theoretical account for the ERP execution with strategic and tactical factors. The strategic factor are-Legacy Systems, Business Vision, ERP Strategy, Top Management Support, Project Schedule and programs. And the tactical factors are- Client audience, Personnel, Business Process Change and package constellation, Client credence, Monitoring and feedback, Communication and problem shot. Esteves and Pastor ( 2000 ) created an incorporate theoretical account of CSF of ERP execution from the old surveies holding four classs of CSF. They mentioned the organisational and technological character of CSF based on strategic and tactical orientation. The strategic-organizational factors are: Sustained direction support, good undertaking range direction, adequate undertaking squad composing, Comprehensive concern procedure reengineering, Adequate undertaking title-holder function, User environment and engagement, and Trust between spouses.Figure:2.3The model of ERP execution adopted from J. Motwaniet Al. ( 2005 )These class of surveies of the CSF of ERP execution have identified a utile set of factors and related steps that can increase the concern value generated by ERP systems for the adopting organisations ( Loukis, et al. , 2008 ) . And therefore these can be constructive elements for the choice of ERP.2.8 Critical Success factors of ERP execution in SMEs:Doom and Milis ( 2008 ) discovered and classified critical success factors for ERP executions in SMEs. Their survey shows that the CSFs found in the literature applicable for Belgian SMEs in malice of some exclusions. These are- ( 1 ) Vision, Scope and Goals ( 2 ) Culture, communicating and Support ( 3 ) Infrastructure ( 4 ) Approach and ( 5 ) Undertaking Management. Loh and Koh ( 2004 ) found several Critical Success Factors of ERP execution in the SMEs based on four execution stages. And they besides came up with critical people and critical uncertainnesss for the ERP execution in the SMEs.Table 2.2CSF of ERP execution by SMEs based on Lohand Koh ( 2004 )Critical Success FactorsMeaningUndertaking ChampionProject leader or director holding the capacity to support and stand for the undertaking in the organisation with concern position and efforts to decide struggles.Undertaking ManagementProject leader or director ability to find range of ERP execution, program and control. Assess agenda, budget in the visible radiation of mark.Business Plan and visionStrategic concern program with touchable and intangible benefits, resources, costs, hazards and timeline.Top Management supportFull committed top direction to the ERP execution undertaking.Effective communicatingExpectations of the ERP execution needed to communicated at every degree.ERP squad work and composingERP squad should incorporate best people, squad should be cross-functional. Team must cognize organisational concern scheme and ERP ‘s proficient issues.BPR and minimal customizationBusiness procedures should fit the new system. Business procedures should be changed to suit the package with as less customization as possible as it is best pattern.Change direction plan and civilizationPull offing the alteration in the civilization and organisational construction, and supplying right preparation and regular followup.Software development, proving and trouble-shooting.Ability to develop package to associate with bequest systems, apparatus, trial and job work outing capablenesss ease the execution.Monitoring and rating of public presentation.Monitoring and rating of undertaking public presentation with regard to marks and program. Ability to obtain information of the affect of ERP execution on concern public presentation.2.9 Choosing an ERP Solution:Deploying an Enterpr ise Resource Planning ( ERP ) system is a important determination for the company that affect critically the future public presentation of the company ( Chun-Chin, et al.,2005 ) and it has consequence on the strategic place of the company ( CJ Stefanou,2001 ) . Due to the complexness in the concern environment and assortment of ERP offerings the choice procedure of ERP systems is someway boring and clip consuming ( Chun-Chin, et al.,2004 ) . ERP systems architectures are non appropriate for all the concern demand ( Sarkis and Sundarraj, 2000 ; Teltumbde, 2000 ; Hong and Kim, 2002 cited in Chun-Chin, et al.,2005 ) . And for this it is really of import for the companies to take a flexible ERP systems and a concerted seller that in bend can be antiphonal to the client demands ( Chun-Chin, et al.,2005 ) . Chun-Chin, et Al. ( 2005 ) proposed an Analytic Hierarchy Process ( AHP ) based model to choose appropriate ERP systems from the alternatives.As they proposed, the ERP system choice classified in two factors- system factors and seller factors. These two factors contains some properties of the ERP systems that needed to be evaluated. The inside informations about the factors are mentioned in the undermentioned tabular array.Table 2.3 Attribute inside informations of the ERP choice based on Chun-Chin, et Al. ( 2005 )FactorsPropertiesMatter to measureDeductionsSoftware Systems FactorsEntire CostMonetary value Care costs Adviser disbursals Infrastructure costMinimum system monetary value, limited one-year care cost, Limited undertaking budget, limited substructure budgetExecution TimeMinimizing the execution clip ( 6-9 months ) .FunctionalityModule completion Function fittingness SecurityHandiness of necessary faculties, Parameter scene, High functional fittingness. Multi currency, multi linguistic communication and multi site option, Permission direction and Database protectionUser FriendlinessEase of operation Ease of larningEasy graphical interface holding measure by measure bid, guidebook to assist the user, online aid and online acquisition.FlexibilityUpgrade ability Ease of integrating Ease of in house developmentWritten in Common scheduling linguistic communication, Platform independency and easy integrating with bing IS.DependabilityStability Recovery abilityAutomatic informations recovery & A ; backupSeller FactorsReputeScale of seller Fiscal status Market portionMatching the graduated table of Vendors reputes, evaluate fiscal ability and makings of mentions of the old users.Technical CapabilityR & A ; D ability Technical support capableness Implementation abilityGood service for upgrading the system, ability to back up diverse merchandise line, easy to implement, Technical capableness & A ; experience of the sellers to implement. Domain Knowledge of the sellers.ServiceGuarantees Consultant services Training service Service velocityDetail guarantee, adequate figure of experient adviser, complete and adequate preparation, good job work outing plan and online services.2.9.1 Selection of an ERP Solution by SMEs:The standard for the choice of a peculiar ERP systems show different precedences related to the organisation size ( Birdogan Baki and Kemal Cakar, 2005 ) . Bernroider and Koch ( 2001 ) studied the choice standards of the ERP systems among SME and big organisation. A entire figure of 29 different ERP choice standard was used in the but merely 12 standards were apparent to hold strong relationship with organisational size ( Bernroider and Koch, 2001 ) . Among those criteria- the undermentioned standards are apparent to be more of import to the SMEs while choosing an ERP.Table 2.4The top prioritized standards of SMEs for choosing ERP based on ( Bernroiderand Koch, 2001 )Choice standardsDeductionsAdaptability and flexibleness of packageAdaptability allows package to be modified as the unique con cern procedures need to be preserved. Easy to upgradeGood SupportSupport from the providers during installing, execution, integrating with bing systems, customization and security ( Baki & A ; Kemal,2005 ) .Short Execution clipLess clip to implement, less customization needs less clip. The more customization the more clip needed and therefore the increased cost and more resources needed.Several facet covering with the flexibleness like- Increased organisational flexibleness, Process Improvement and improved invention capablenesss was rated less of import by the SMEs as they are likely to be more flexible from the beginning they do n't necessitate to utilize an ERP for this ( Bernroider and Koch, 2001 ) . Another survey on the European SMEs by Everdingen et Al. ( 2000 ) revealed that high importance attributed to the criteria- tantrum with concern processs, flexibleness and cost while choosing an ERP system. The consequences from this survey can be used to compare to other states to account for possible regional differences and in some instances it was described as multicounty European study ( Everdingen et al. , 2000 cited in Bernroider and Koch, 2001 ) . Fit with concern procedure is most of import standards for the SMEs as found in this survey and flexibleness to follow the package is found to be of import as concern procedure is the major issue in SMEs ( Everdingen, et al.,2000 ) .2.10 Choosing an Open Source ERP solution:B. Johansson and F. Sudzina ( 2009 ) came up with the consequence from a literature reappraisal of ERP system choice standards. The consequence besides represented a set of common ERP choice standards and compare these standards with regard to Open Source and Pro prietary ERP Systems ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) . They presented and made order of those standards harmonizing to the figure of happening of them in the literature. The standards are listed and described in the tabular array below harmonizing to the importance of them in regard to Open Source ERP.Table: 2.5ERP Selection standards comparing between OS and Proprietary based on ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 )StandardsMeaningEase/speed of executionEasy to implement and possible to implement in less clip.Monetary valueMonetary value of the ERP system licensing.Vendor supportFor proprietary user it is of import as they are locked in one seller. For OS support from seller and big enough community which can back up in executionDependabilityProprietary seller attempts to be extremely dependable but OS community find an mistake faster and work out it rapidly while for Proprietary it is much harder because same people have entree to code ever.Ease of usageProprietary ERP attem pts to be more user friendly but community of users can do the OS ERP more-or-less acceptable for most of the users.CustomizationCustomization of codification is of import in footings of OS though it is non the lone characteristic of OS ERP systems any longer, now MS Dynamics AX allows certain degree of customization but the others are still non customizable.IntegrationProprietary ERP allows use of Data Warehouse for integrating but it is possible to be solved by customization in OS ERP.FunctionalityProprietary may offer more but as in OS they are less, may be easier to get the hang them.AscentUpgrading OS ERP is free but for proprietary clients have to purchase upgrade or pay an one-year fee.These choice standards show obvious difference between OS ERP and Proprietary ERP and these reported standards should be studied farther to find specifically OS ERP choice standards as stated by ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) .2.10.1 Choosing Open Source ERP by SMEs:When it comes to the context of SMEs, the choice standards of Open Source ERP mainly- increased adaptability, Decreased trust on a individual provider and decreased cost ( Serrano and Sarriegi,2006 ) . There seems to be several other ground or factors than cost involved in the determination of choosing OS ERP and those could be investigated ( B. Johansson and F. Sudzina, 2009 ) .2.11 Research Model:A theoretical theoretical account was developed based on the frame of mention discussed above for the factors that influence SMEs to choose an Open Source ERP. We will look into this theoretical account against the experiential survey and observations.Figure:2.4TheoraticalModel of Factors/criteria that motivate SMEsto select OS ERPThe Critical Success Factors for both proprietary and OS ERP execution have been discussed in this chapter. The critical success factors found to be applicable in both context in malice of few exclusions. In both instances there are many factors that influence ERP systems choice and some of the factors can be fulfilled merely by proper choice of the ERP systems based on certain choice standards. Following that the choice standards in general that play really of import function while choosing an ERP by and large and by SMEs have besides been discussed. It is apparent that SMEs stress more on few standards while choosing an ERP systems and few of those standards that are really of import to big organisation got less or instead humbleness by the SMEs and frailty versa. The choice standards of OS ERP are described and context of SMEs besides mentioned in the frame of mention. The frame of mention suggests that the possible other grounds for choosing OS ERP beside the described grounds could be investigated in footings of SME.Chapter 33 Methodology:This chapter deals with research doctrine, research attack, assorted available research methods and the manner informations is collected and will be analyzed. We have besides highlighted how we will carry on our research under them.3.1 Research doctrineGalliers, ( 1991 ) defined research doctrine as, is a belief about the manner in which informations about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. Harmonizing to him the two major research doctrines have been identified in the Western tradition of scientific discipline, viz. rationalist besides known as scientific ; and interpretivist besides called anti rationalist. Easterby-Smith et Al. ( 1991, P:27 ) highlighted some cardinal characteristics of these two doctrine paradigm options in order to distinguish them. Harmonizing to them in rationalist attack the perceiver is independent, research focal point is on facts, research worker formulates hypothesis and so prove them ; and the preferable methods of research is normally done by taking big samples. On the other manus in Phenomenological pattern the perceiver is portion of what is observed, researcher focal point in on significances, attempts to understand what is go oning by developing thoughts through initiation from informations and the includes probe of little samples. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill ( 2003 ) besides supported Easterby-Smith et Al. ( 1991 ) by depicting positivism as scientific based attack where research worker formulates a hypothesis from some theory, trials that hypothesis by experiment and so examines the consequences to corroborate a theory or suggests for alterations. They described phenomenological attack as ‘‘the manner people experience societal phenomena in the universe in which they live † . Here the research worker tries to understand what is go oning and why it is go oning. The research worker ‘s focal point is on those contexts where events occur and use qualitative informations to set up position of phenomena. For any sort of survey we have a pick to choose among the two research doctrines, for this survey as it involves qualitative informations, utilizing phenomenological doctrine is more sensible for us because the information is chiefly qualitative and this kind of informations normally in copiousness and it will allow for us to develop our thoughts on that footing.3.2 Research ApproachResearch attack means that what methodological analysis has been adopted to carry on a research. Sekaran, ( 2003 ) identified two types of research attacks. These includes inductive and deductive. Incase if research workers use both side by side, so it is known as abductive attack, indicates a combination of inductive and deductive. Harmonizing to Sekaran ( 2003 ) , tax write-off is the procedure of geting at reasoned decision by logical generalisation of a known fact while initiation is the procedure where certain phenomena is observed and decisions are made on that footing. In research chiefly two wide methods of concluding are referred known as deductive and inductive attacks ( S. M. Aqil Burney, 2008 ) . Deductive concluding starts from more general to more specific, informally called top-down attack and decisions are drawn logically from available facts ; while inductive concluding plants from specific observations to broader generalisations, informally known as underside up attack and decisions are drawn on available facts ( S. M. Aqil Burney, 2008 ) . Hussey and Hussey ( 1997 ) defined deductive research as â€Å"a survey in which a conceptual and theoretical construction is developed which is so tested by empirical observation ; therefore peculiar cases are deducted from general influences.† And deductive research is defined as ‘‘a survey in which theory is developed from the observation of empirical world ; therefore general illations are induced from peculiar cases, which is the contrary of the deductive method since it involves traveling from single observation to statements of general forms or Torahs † . Sometimes research workers uses both inductive and deductive attacks, that is known as abductive attack. The attack takes findings which are common, explicate them and work out the issues related to collected informations. The consequence is normally that facts are in a proper order and can supply chance to cover with issues confidently ( Reichertz, 2004 ) . The abductive attack will be used as we have to travel back and Forth between empirical findings and theory repeatedly because it involves combination of inductive and deductive and is favored by most of the research workers.3.3 Research MethodsResearch method refers to systematic, focussed and orderly aggregation of informations for the intent of obtaining information from them, to or reply a peculiar research job or inquiry ( Ghuari & A ; Gronhuag, 2005 ) . There are two types of research methods.Quantitative methodQualitative methodMalhotra ( 1996 ) defines quantitative research as ‘‘a methodological analysis that seeks to quantify the informations and it applies specially in some signifier of statistical analysis † . Quantitative research is a sort of specific research which involves big representative samples and comparatively structured informations aggregation processs ( Parasuraman, 1991 ) . Qualitative research involves look intoing sentiments, behaviours and experiences from the informant points of position. Walker et Al. ( 2008 ) , described qualitative research as procedure to detect and explicate the complex nature of human nature. Harmonizing to him this is sort of research where information obtained is normally thorough, flush and holistic. Maylor and Blackmon ( 2005 ) illustrate that, when a survey includes statistical decision, it is appropriate to utilize quantitative research while if the research deals with procedures that involves analysing non-numeral information it ‘s better to utilize the qualitative attack. Quantitative research requires a immense sum of informations to look into and so decisions are drawn on that footing which is non possible in this instance. Research workers in the field of Enterprise systems usually use qualitative method. Therefore this method is used for carry oning our survey which is more equal with respect to enterprise systems.3.4 Research StrategyResearch scheme means that which research design option is used for survey to work out the job. There are a figure of research schemes including, studies, interviews, instance survey, experiment, descriptive anthropology and action research. Research schemes are similar to literary genres, bespeaking really loosely the manner of the work like a study, an experiment or a instance survey ( A. Berkely Thomas, p.20 ) . Uma Sekaran ( 2003, p.119 ) illustrates that nature of surveies may be either explorative or descriptive, or may be conducted to prove hypotheses. Harmonizing to him the exploratory survey is used when there is small or no information available for a state of affairs which is to work out ; it is good for obtaining a well clasp of the phenomena of the involvement while the descriptive survey is used when the intent is to depict the features of the variables of the involvement in a state of affairs. Parasuraman, ( 1991 ) defined descriptive survey as the survey which is used to bring forth informations that describes the composing of relevant group including clients, sales representatives, and organisations. Surveies that includes hypothesis proving in order to explicate the nature of certain relationships by certain factors are known as hypothesis proving surveies. ( Uma Sekaran, 2003, p.124 ) . The survey will be explorative in nature and will be used for this survey due to fact as Yin ( 2003 ) pointed out, that exploratory survey applies to those researches where pick of research includes new constructs and there is non adequate stuff available for those subjects. This applies to our pick of research. Surveys and interviews will be taken as a research scheme. .3.5 Data CollectionThere are two types of informations. One is Primary informations and the other is Secondary informations. Primary information is that which is obtained through some agencies like studies, interviews and observations etc while secondary informations is that which is already there and is available to us in the signifier books, diaries etc. Uma Sekaran ( 2003, p.59 ) defined primary informations as ‘‘the information gathered for research from the existent site of happening of events † while secondary informations is obtained from bing resources. Both types of informations will be used for carry oning this survey. The secondary information is obtained from available resources like books, diaries, articles and web sites of assorted companies by utilizing different hunt engines. While the primary informations will be obtained from the respondents. For this we will carry on interview from two experts who have knowledge in this sphere and questionnaire study from the SMEs who have implemented Open Source ERP.3.6 SamplingSampling is method of choosing a certain figure of units from a entire population. ( Clark and Hockey, 1981 ) . Uma Sekaran ( 2003, p. 266 ) defined trying as the procedure of choosing equal figure of elements or instances from the population in order to understand its belongingss and look into them. Sauder et.al 2003 argued that trying gives us different methods to choose a subset of population which represents the whole population. There are two major types of sampling, i.e. chance and non chance trying. In chance sampling, the elements in the population have equal opportunity of being selected and is used when the representatives of the sample is of importance in the involvements of wider generalisation. In non chance trying the elements in the population do non hold predetermined opportunity of being selected and is used when generalisation is less critical and other factors like clip are of importance. The drawback of this sampling technique is that generalisation of consequences is compromised Uma Sekaran ( 2003, p. 269 ) . Marshall ( 1996 ) illustrates that for quantitative surveies it is better to utilize chance trying while for qualitative surveies non chance sampling is appropriate. Non chance sampling is either convenience sampling or purposive sampling. Convenience sampling is that where the respondents are handily available and is easy to entree them for acquiring information. On the other manus purposive sampling is that where it is indispensable to acquire information from specific group of people who have more cognition about certain facts ( Uma Sekaran, 2003, p.276 ) . Polkinghorne, 2005 highlighted purposive sampling as the method when the focal point is on to obtain rich information from more specific beginning instead than holding immense informations from big of beginnings. For this survey the non chance sampling technique is used because it was non possible for us to take chance trying into history due the deficit of clip and less handiness to resources that are critical for making this. Non chance trying takes the signifier convenience or purposefully trying. For taking interviews from experts the purposefully sampling will be used while for taking responses from SMEs the convenience sampling will be used.3.7 Analysis of DatasData analysis is the procedure of telling and forming natural informations so that it can provides utile information. Raw information is in many signifiers like studies responses, and observations which is non that much utile but when it converted into information through information analysis it becomes utile ( S.E. Smith, 2008 ) . Sekaran ( 2003 ) illustrates that when informations is obtained through trying the following measure is to analyse that information, known as informations analysis. The information analysis needs more attending and attention when obtained informations is qualitative in nature ( Walker et al. , 2008 ) . ( Will be finalized after empirical findings )3.8 Credibility of DatasWalker et Al. ( 2008 ) stated that subjectiveness affects qualitative research so credibleness of informations should be accentuated in this kind of research. Credibility can be enhanced by cut downing incorrect replies and paying attending on two of import footings i.e. dependability and cogency ( Saunders et Al. 2007 ) . Carmines and Zeller ( 1982 ) described that when there is a grade of consistence in measurings which are repeated for same phenomena known as dependability while cogency refers to the grade to which a 1 ‘s measures what it supposed to mensurate that how much the measurings accurate. This indicates that dependability trades with consistence of consequences while cogency with their truth. ( Will be finalized after empirical findings )