Monopoly essay Essay

Monopoly is â€Å"a firm that can determine the market price of a good. In the extreme case, a monopoly is the only seller of a good or service. † (Miller 103) Characteristics of a Monopoly. Are that there is one single seller in the market with no competition and there are many buyers in the market. The seller controls the prices of the goods or services and is the price maker as well. The consumers do not have perfect information on the goods or services. Advantages of a Monopoly. The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources. Enjoys economics of scale, due to it being the only supplier of the product or service in the market, makes many profits and be used for research and development to maintain their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic section of society. To avoid competition, they can afford to invest in the latest technology and machinery. Disadvantages of a Monopoly. Monopolies have poor levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for such low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out dated goods. What is required for a monopoly to earn profits in the long run? First off, any market type can see super normal profits in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the long-run. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make profits. Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The only difference between them is â€Å"why† they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not yield these types of profits in the long-run. Economic profit goes to zero here in the long-run because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering (as there is with perfect competition). If a firm uses economies of scale then I would be talking about a natural monopoly (or a few firms in oligopoly depending on how large or small the minimum efficient scale is). If the MES were small, economies of scale would not be an entry barrier to competition in order to achieve positive economic profits. If the MES were large, large enough to support one firm only, that would be the definition of a natural monopoly. â€Å"In the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm adjusts plant size, or the quantity of capital, to maximize long-run profit. In addition, the entry and exit of firms into and out of a monopolistically competitive market eliminates economic profit and guarantees that each monopolistically competitive firm earns nothing more or less than a normal profit. † (http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpd&c=dsp&k=monopolistic+competition, +long run+production+analysis). Works Cited Roger LeRoy Miller. Economics Today, Sixteenth Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Addison-Wesley, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2008, 2006. http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpd&c=dsp&k=monopolistic+competition,+long-run+production+analysis.

Epic Works Essay

Epics by definition are long narrative poems, that are grand in both theme and style (Webster 417). They usually involve actions of great glory and are typically centered around historical or legendary events of universal significance. Most epics deal with the deeds of a single individual, however, it is not uncommon to have more than one main character. Epics embody several main features including: supernatural forces, sometimes the deity of the time, that shape the action; battles or other forms of physical combat; and a formal statement of the theme of the epic. Everyday details of life are commonplace and intricately woven into the background of each story in the same palatial style as the rest of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial point in its history. I have chosen for comparison the Odyssey, The Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost. The Odyssey, attributed to Homer is about Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, who sailed with his army to take part in war against Troy. After ten years of war, victory is declared and the armies of Odysseus have sailed for home. As the Odyssey begins, an additional 10 years have passed since the fall of Troy and Odysseus still has not returned to his home. The noblemen have converged on his palace seeking the hand of his lovely wife, Penelope. However, Penelope refuses their advances choosing to remain faithful to Odysseus. During the ten years of his absence since the fall of Troy, Odysseus has traveled the world undertaking many unbelievable adventures and trials set upon him by the god Poseidon. Throughout his travels he along with his men  sailed to many strange lands. These great adventures included tricking Polyphemus a Cyclops by being ‘nobody’ (Norton 320), sailing to the end of the world and descending into Hell (Norton 340), successfully battling Scylla, a six-headed monster that devoured passing seamen (Norton 361) and finally, passing safely around a terrible whirlpool (Norton 366 – 367). During his descent into Hell, Odysseus meets a sear who foretells that his wanderings would not end until peace is made with Poseidon. This sear also tells him that he will return home and re-establish himself as king. Finally as the Odyssey concludes, Odysseus does return home to a house and country in turmoil. His wife is besieged by suitors, his son is now a grown man and his country is facing certain civil war. In the final acts, order is restored with the assistance of the goddess Athene. In Dante’s epic, The Divine Comedy, he tells of a journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. This epic is divided into three sections. In each of the sections he meets with mythological, historical, and contemporary individuals. Each individual encountered during the journey represents a religious or political symbol of fault or virtue. In addition, specific punishments and rewards are associated with each fault and virtue. Dante uses each punishment and reward to illustrate the larger meaning of human actions in the universal plan. Paradise Lost is considered by some to be one of the greatest poems in world literature and most certainly John Milton’s masterpiece. In its 12 cantos Milton tells the story of the fall of Adam and the loss of Paradise. Satan has been expelled from heaven with his fallen angels. In Hell, Satan formulates a plan to find the new creations God has made – man and woman. Meanwhile, God tells his Son that Satan will be successful in corrupting man. But because, man was tricked by Satan, man will be given grace if someone in heaven will die for man’s sin. To fulfill his plan, Satan tempts Eve in a dream. The next morning Eve suggests that she and Adam work separately that day. Gradually she is  persuaded by Satan, who has taken the form of a serpent, to eat of the Tree of Knowledge. Realizing her folly, Eve shares the fruit with Adam, who also eats it. This is considered the fall of man. In Heaven God tells of the final victory of the Son over Sin and Death. This epic is told in a context of extensive drama using profound speculations. Milton’s main goal was to ‘justify the ways of God to men.’ (Norton 2179) All three works are long narrative poems that are grand both in theme and style fulfilling the basic definition of an epic. Of the three epics only the Odyssey involved actions of great glory by the central hero. In the Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost, the main characters are not fighting monsters or outwitting Cyclops. Dante walks through Hell, and views the fate of man, Adam and Eve are manipulated by God and Satan but are not gods nor do they have god-like qualities. The influence of the supernatural is an outside force in the Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost. In the Odyssey, Odysseus possesses many god-like qualities himself. The central theme of each epic is somewhat different. In the Odyssey, the central theme seems to be Odysseus against the world. He stands the test through opposition by the gods, other men, and the forces of nature. In the Divine Comedy, Dante, a normal man, takes a walk through the many levels of hell, expressing the faith of medieval Christianity. Paradise Lost, by Milton is simply a representation of the ideals of mediaeval Christian rational. Though each work is classified as an epic, they share only a few of the basic traits of an epic poem. However, more than anything each provides insight into the thoughts and beliefs of people in our history. These epic works take us on an imaginary voyage; one through the amazing journeys of a single man, one through an imaginary trip through hell in which the political and philosophical thought of the time can be experienced, and one through an account of a religious thought for that day. All of these epics serve to remind us that no matter how far mankind has come, we still have a long way to go in our journey be it spiritual or earthly. Works Cited ‘Epic.’ Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 1983 ed. Homer. ‘The Odyssey.’ Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynard Mack. 6th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1992. Milton, John. ‘Paradise Lost.’ Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynard Mack. 6th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1992.

Email and Postal Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Email and Postal Rules - Essay Example According to the study over the last couple of decades, beginning from the 1990s, there is a sharp decline of letter writing in accordance to the report of UK postal service. Of course, official letters are still in use and the postal department delivers them throughout the world. However, in the context of casual letter writing, there is a diminishing trend and the fundamental cause of this trend is globalization and the impact of internet communication along with other telecommunication agents. Acceptance and offer analysis is an age-old approach of contract law, which is used in order to determine whether there is an agreement between two individuals or parties. A number of things can be offered, like a fax, newspaper, letter, email and also conduct as long as it conveys the idea of the offered given in the contract. An invitation to treat is not considered as an offer as it only indicates that a person is willing to discuss a contract. If the person the offer has been made to rejects it, the offer is destroyed, as it cannot be received in the future. Like in the case of Hyde v. Wrench, in reply to an offer for selling an estate at a definite price, the plaintiff responded with a lower price. Thus, the offer was then refused and when the plaintiff wanted to buy the estate at the former price, they could not as no contract was signed with the initial offer and hence it did not exist. The late 1990s and 2000s can be referred to as a new era of sunshine gradually but progressively scattering its rays all over the world, incorporating the nations, bringing

Case Study Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Analysis - Case Study Example An internal analysis was done on the University of Southern Phone center to identify the organizational culture, goals and employee motivation. Organization Structure For example, a bureaucratic structure has a culture much different from a participatory one. There were positive results such as improved performance by the phone center supervisors, and increased retention rates of the first year employees. When the team decided to hire a deputy director, phone center organizational structure and the managerial design changed completely. According to the case study page 57, we can see Roberts work experience at phone center before he graduated. He had worked as fundraiser then later was promoted as a supervisor to monitor the fundraisers. On the Coxii article page 7, the experienced writers were able to write articles and books after World War II that helped to reshape the public administration. The other Robert’s strength was that he was respectful to the rest of workmates. The Coxii article chapter 2 suggests that most employees in an organization seek for four gains. These four gains are; respect, fringe benefits, their work recognition and salaries. Respect is an ethnic and public policy that is essential in every organization. It creates a strong and long-term relationship among the employees, which leads to a conducive working environment in an organization. When Robert was a supervisor he was comfortable with the paycheck he was receiving, he even volunteered for extra shifts. Good salary motivates emp loyee to work harder. When Robert was hired as a deputy director, he had a mission and goal to raise more money on each shift. According to Coxii, chapter 2 page 32, various authors from Selznick (1957) and Burn (1978) emphasized that missions and values are important organizational leadership ingredients. Missions, code of ethics and goals are essential elements of the mantra of â€Å"best practice† modern organization management. If an

Microl8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microl8 - Essay Example (c) The slope of demand function is – 2. It tells that with the increase in quantity demanded by 1 unit, price of that good or service decreases by $2 (or 2 currency units). (d) The slope of supply function is 1. It tells that with the increase in quantity supplied by 1 unit, price of that good or service increases by $1 (or 1 currency unit). ... That’s why any change in prices of food is prominent and significant for them, which makes their food demand flexible in response to its price changes; i.e. with the changes in price, they vary their food consumption accordingly. However, U.S. is a high-income country. Its consumption is diversely distributed to variety of luxury goods in addition to the necessity goods. Thus, food consumption of American people comprises of a smaller portion of their income; in fact it is much smaller if compared with a low-income country as Tanzania. That’s why any change in food prices is not so observed by them which makes their food demand almost irresponsive to price. In short, high elasticity of food demand in Tanzania imply higher level of its foods purchases as compared to that in U.S. where food purchases are not so higher as compared to the purchases of other goods – luxury goods (Parkin n.d., p. 95). Taxes S’ (= S+T) P S D Q With the imposition of tax, supply c urve shifts left as tax serves as increasing cost of production for producers. Now, the price paid by the consumer (PD) is not the same as that received by the supplier (PS) as the difference is to be paid as a tax; there would be no equilibrium now (The Impact of an Excise Tax or Subsidy on Price n.d.). It can be illustrated here in the graph that since the customer has to pay more price than before and since suppliers cost increases due to the tax, the market price would be increased and due to the increase in price, there would be leftward movement along the demand curve and thus the quantity demanded would be decreased. (a) Tax revenue would be greater from the good for which price increase would not much

A short film Script about Zach's phobia's Movie Review

A short film Script about Zach's phobia's - Movie Review Example Oh no I need to check if the door locks from outside hold on just a sec (Has already dropped the phone and rushes to the direction of the bathroom but he is still talking albeit in a lower voice almost as if he is talking to himself)†¦ I wonder locks automatically last time tried to shut my door bathroom just a bit, it shut itself and scared the heck out of me. (In a whisper walking towards the bathroom), oh dear this door is too heavy, what if I lock myself in? In the other room Emily can be heard trying to make herself heard on the mouthpiece Emily Hey Zack where did you go off to..Zaaack you want me to come or not? Zack (Suddenly remembering that he had been on the phone, he rushes and picks it up). You really must come Emily, he says I have unpacked luggage, a bathroom whose door’s heavier than a bunch of Two ton Trucks Emily (Sarcastically) You know what Zack? I think I will come†¦ Zack (Cutting her off not getting the tone) Oh thank goodness I had no idea how I was going to get through settling in the darkness is setting in and my new bulbs are in my suitcase and I can’t stand the tough of being alone in the dark. I just love the way you handle this stuff, I would be lost without your savage courage and brute strength Emily (Irritated)Hey where did that come from what’s wrong with you? or also have a phobia for courtesy? As I was saying, before your cut me off I will definitely come, I will come tomorrow and see if your million phobias will have killed you or if you can deal with them without acting like a 6 foot baby. (Slams phone) Zack Uh something I said? Oh boy now I have to do this all by myself. (Light bulb moment) hah! I know, necessity as they say, is the mother of all evil, tonight am going to face up to my fears, what’s the worst that can happen anyway? Emily is right, I need to grow up. (He sits down) now, now, now, but that’s a tall order, let me see what do I need to do first? I should make a list of things I am afraid off , that that could take all night. Maybe I should make list of things I am not afraid off, that can’t be very wrong. (Wrings his hands) this is never going to work (He sits down and scribbles on a paper for a minute or so) Luggage, darkness, bathrooms doctors, bridges closets bridges). Zack Am tired of always having to beg for help, (Marches confidently to the bags at the corner, but stops and almost does not touch them when he gets close up he bites his lower lips)Here goes nothing (opens the first suitcase and jumps back nothing happens) Ok not bad I think is could open them all then, all these locked bags give me the creeps who knows what could have snuck in. (As he opens suitcase 2, 3 and four a mouse moves in from the corner and sniffs briefly around the first suitcase, it then climbs in and disappears into the bag. Zack is getting pretty confident and opens all the suitcases). Zack Phew, that’s the worst of the first part, but one phobia is good enough for one day,

Introduction to Business Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Business Law - Case Study Example The other party (Nuriya) cannot perform work that is significantly different than what is expected. Concerning the Act mentioned above, but in section 17 of Part II, applies to this situation and will be specially applied to this case as well. Throughout most of this remaining piece the Unfair Contract Terms will be abbreviated as â€Å"UCT† for convenience. It may appear that Nuriya did not conduct work that was unexpected of Flavio and Marco because they read the contract and made a payment that all agreed upon at that time was pertaining to the contract mentioned. Both Flavio and Marco did in fact â€Å"insist† on differences before agreement of the contract was made and those two made it clear that Nuriya should make these changes, the reasonable individual(s) would have known that Nuriya did not want to make such changes. The reason this is so is because Nuriya had added the clause â€Å"The agreement will be carried out under the conditions set up on Nuriyas previous communication.† The addition of this clause undoubtedly changes the conditions of the contract and if the other parties knowingly reads and made payment to this particular change then any payments to Nuriya would likely imply an understanding of the contract by Flavio and Marco. The other party (Nuriya) has not performed differently than what is expected. As per Schedule Two of the UCT Act (1977) â€Å"whether the customer knew or ought reasonably to have known of the existence and the extent of the term (having regard, among other things, to any custom of the trade and any previous course of dealing between the parties) is relevant here. More plainly, the contract possessed new language, and quite arguably Flavio and Marco should have known the new conditions written, and that signing the contract and additionally making a first payment to Nuriya after signing the contract would

Does one on one tutoring have a positive effect on my students' Dissertation

Does one on one tutoring have a positive effect on my students' attitude about reading - Dissertation Example Furthermore, studies showed a strong relationship between structured and quality tutoring and reading attitudes. Sources indicated, however, that contextual factors must also be considered when understanding attitudes on reading, such as training of tutors and structure of tutor strategies, frequency and regularity of tutoring sessions, close monitoring and evaluation practices, and specially designed curriculum for readers with reading problems or disabilities (McKenna et al., 1995; McKool, 2007; National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Does one-on-one tutoring have a positive effect on students' attitude about reading? I am directly involved in tutoring students to improve their attitude about reading. I am currently tutoring a 4th grader with ADHD, who reads at about a beginning 3rd grade level with poor comprehension skills. This boy has 3 siblings (1 older brother and 2 younger sisters) and a loud, rather disorganized home. The research will also include a 3rd grader who a co-worker is tutoring. This student has a stutter and reads at about a mid 1st grade level with difficulties in vowel sounds. This boy is an only child and I do not have knowledge of his home life or condition. Both boys have parents that are supportive, but only the 3rd grader’s mom is very involved with helping her child. ... This paper reviews the literature on tutoring and reading. Review of Literature The review of literature reveals that are numerous factors that shape reading attitudes, but the most prevalent are children's personal experiences in reading, children's self-confidence in reading, parents' attitudes towards reading, and teachers' teaching strategies. Furthermore, studies showed a strong link between structured and quality tutoring and reading attitudes. Factors that can Shape Reading Attitudes There are a variety of factors that affect children's attitudes toward reading: children's personal experiences in reading, children's self-confidence in reading, parents' attitudes towards reading, and teachers' teaching strategies. Sources indicated, however, that contextual factors must also be considered, such as training of tutors and structure of tutor strategies, frequent and regular tutoring sessions, close monitoring and evaluation, and specially designed curriculum for readers with readi ng problems or disabilities (McKenna et al., 1995; McKool, 2007; National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Children’s personal experiences in reading. Children's personal experiences in reading can improve children's attitudes toward reading (Wang, 2000, p.1). It is important that the environment of the children provides easy access to interesting books, because this leads to them experiencing the world of reading as an entertaining experience (National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; Wang, 2000, p.1). Access to quality books, however, is not widely provided by low-income families.

Soviet Union Involvement in Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Soviet Union Involvement in Afghanistan - Essay Example This was how the relationship between the two countries began which was to leave a long lasting impact on both the countries. This association saw periods of ups and downs. There were times when there were strong links between the two countries and there were also times when nothing significant happened for years (Freedman, 1991). Afghanistan was a newly born state and at this time it needed assistance and help from its neighbors and this backing was provided to it by the Soviet Union. In the time period from 1919 up to 1929 the relations between the two countries were very friendly and they moved at a swift pace. Technicians and trained personnel flew in from the Soviet Union to build the infrastructure in Afghanistan and also to improve the communication systems which included railways, roads, telegraph and telephone. Students were given chances to pursue their studies in the Soviet Union and training was provided for army personnel. Before independence the afghan market was mainly governed by all the goods from England but now there was inflow of commodities from the Soviet Union as well. Many such developments were not very much liked by the English and they wanted the government of King Amanullah to end. At the same time though the king had done all these developments for the betterment of the country an d with a good will but he had not considered the other factions of his country like the tribes and the religious segments. This led to the toppling of his government and Nader Shah took over the country in 1929.In 1929 and the years that were to follow there were no links between the two countries so this era might be termed as the black era. There were a few talks between the two countries but these were of the least importance. Afghanistan might have maintained this state of neutrality because of the Second World War and as both the Indian subcontinent and the Soviet Union were involved in it and they were both opponents in the war. After the world war the next issue that came up was the independence of India and Pakistan from the British colonial rule. After the independence of these countries there was strong impact on Afghanistan which led to the change in the governance in the country and marshal shah Mahmud became the prime minister of the country in 1933. Marshal Shah Mahmud's government was more willing to take assistance from the United States than the Soviet Union. They asked for backing from the United States and in return offering to them contracts and deals. The American government did not give any response to their offer. In 1951 marshal Shah Mahmud made a personal request to President Truman and he was again disappointed because he did not get any positive answer. Still marshal shah Mahmud was not willing to take assistance from the soviet and when he was asked by a group of reporters that would he ask the soviet union for help, he replied: "Muslims are forbidden to eat pork, except when a Muslim is dying of hunger!" Shah Mahmud was replaced by prince Daoud. Again the prince made one final attempt to ask for help from the United States but this attempt also proved to be unsuccessful because the United States put a condition on Afghanistan to part its way from the Baghdad Pact. After this last try a General Meeting was

Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Recommended Citation Khan, Adeel, Ethnic nationalism and the state in Pakistan, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro. uow. edu. au/theses/1736 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [emailprotected] edu. au Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Pakistan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from University of Woilongong by Adeel Khan Sociology Program, Faculty of Arts February 2001 Declaration I, Adeel Khan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Sociology Program of Faculty of Arts, University of Woilongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Adeel Khan 26 February 2001 11 Aknowledgements I would like to thank the Sociology Program and the School of Critical Enquiry at the University of Woilongong for helping me to travel to Pakistan twice to do my fieldwork. In Pakistan there are too many people who have helped me in many different ways. I am grateful to all those academics, journalists, politicians, lawyers and activists who spared their time to speak to me. I would like to especially thank Mazhar Abbas who not only provided me with very useful information and contacts but also arranged meetings with the MQM leaders. I am indebted to Ahmed Shah and Ayub Shiekh for organising one of the most entertaining as well as productive trips to Hyderabad where they arranged meetings with Ibrahim Joyo and Rasul Bux Palejo and other Sindhi nationalists. In Lahore I had the pleasure of Khawar Malik and Imtiaz Alams company in one of the most dramatic months in Pakistans history when the chief justice and the prime minister were caught in a bizarre battle of ego that had created a serious political crisis. In Quetta, Abdul Sami Kakar, a former Pukhtim Student Federation activist, who was introduced to me by Tahir Mohammad Khan, was a wonderful company and great help in organising interviews with Baloch and Pukhtun nationalists. In Islamabad I shall always miss late Eqbal Ahmed with whom I had some of the most stimulating discussions. My supervisor, Stephen Castles, has been an unrelenting source of encouragement and inspiration. He not only encouraged me to think as deeply and as critically as possible but also, at times, forced me to explore different aspects of the argument whenever he felt I could do better. I have particularly benefited from Stephens knowledge of European history. What impressed me the most about Stephen, however, is that he is one of those people who are so comfortable with themselves that they hardly care what others think of them, and therefore they are unassuming and full of humility. I wish I could learn that from him, too. My wife, Rafat, deserves more than a few words of gratitude for she is the one who had to put up with my anxiety, self-doubt, writers block, mood swings, and all the other hazards that come with a person who agrees with Adomo that (o)nly those thoughts are frue which fail to understand themselves. I stand obliged to her for bearing with me. As is customary, and in legal terms, too, I must admit that only I am responsible for the mistakes and weaknesses in my work, but as I have made it obvious that I would not have been able to produce this work without the help of all those mentioned above, and therefore, morally at least, they cannot escape the responsibility. The only consolation I can offer to them is that I apologise for the mistakes and weaknesses and promise to try harder, next time, to fail better. Ill Abstract Nationalism is a way of dealing with a world where everything melts into thin air. It is a form of self-love in which individuals celebrate their collective identity. And like all forms of self-love it gets its strength more from the hatred of others than its love for the self Here lies the secret behind some of the most intractable conflicts in the world. Nationalism is, probably, the only form of self-love that gets its life-blood from an institution, the modem state. Had the state not been behind the self-love of the Germans, they would not have been able to torture and murder so many Jews in such a short period of time. Likewise, had the west not helped the Jews to establish their own state in Palestine, the Jews would never have been able to displace and kill so many Palestinians. Nationalism is not the pathology of the modem world, but is, as a sentiment and as a doctrine, only a pathetic way to deal with a pathetic world. But nationalism as a game of power, as a politics, is lethal and destructive. As a sentiment and as a doctrine nationalism may be the child of an unstable and fast changing world but as a politics it is the child of the nation state. This thesis explores the relationship between the nation-state and the nationalisms of four ethnic groups, namely, Pukhtun, Sindhi, Baloch and Mohajir, who have, at various points in time, contested the legitimacy of the administrative structure of the Pakistani state. It starts with identifying the issue of ethnic conflicts, goes on to review the available literature and then outlines a framework for studying ethnic IV nationalism. As the emphasis here is on the role of the modem state in provoking ethnic discontent and resistance the second chapter discusses the interventionist role of the state and tries to highlight its relationship with nationalism. The second section of the chapter looks at various approaches to nationalism and explains as to which approach is more suitable and why for dealing with ethnic nationalism. The third chapter endeavours to explicate the difference between pre-colonial and colonial state in India as well as the way the colonial state despite being modem was different from the modem state system in the west. The fourth chapter discusses the state system in Pakistan and argues that the postcolonial state is a replica of the colonial state. The next four chapters examine the emergence of four ethnic movements and their varying strategies for dealing with the centralising and homogenising policies of the state. Throughout, the focus remains on the ethnic groups distance from and proximity to the state system as the major factor in determining their relationships. Table of Contents Declaration Acknowledgments Abstract 11 iii iv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Introduction Nationalism and the State Colonisation of the State in India Nationalisation of the Colonial State in Pakistan Pukhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separatism to Integrationism Baloch Ethnic Nationalism: From Guerilla War to Nowhere? Sindhi Ethnic Nationalism: Migration, Marginalisation, and the Threat of Indianisation Mohajir Ethnic Nationalism: El Dorado gone Sour! At a Crossroads as Ever Before! 1 24 45 67 99 133 Chapter 7 158 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 201 238 References Appendix A Interviews 244 259 VI The whole is the false Adomo Inversion of Hegels famous dictum, the whole is the true (1978:50) Vll Please see print copy for image Source: 1998 Census (Statistical Pocket Book of Pakistan, 2000) PAKISTAN.

Teenage Pregnancy And Social Exclusion Social Work Essay

Teenage Pregnancy And Social Exclusion Social Work Essay The aim of this study or discussion is to analyse and discuss the impact of the labour government policy on teenage pregnancy and social exclusion in the United Kingdom, to what extent has the policy achieved its aims and objectives and if the objectives have not been met, why and how it may be improved, what are its shortcomings and constraints in the implementation process or if the policy itself was not well put together. Barry (2002) argues that social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are not given the opportunity to participate in society, whether or not they desire to participate. The British Government in 2001 defined social exclusion as a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown.(Cabinet Office, 2001) Burchardt, Le Grand and Piachaud, (2002) identify consumption (the capacity to purchase goods and services, including health services), production (taking part in economically or socially valuable activities including voluntary work), political interaction or participation (involvement in local or national decision-making) and social interactions (integration with family, friends and the wider community) as the four key elements of social participation. These elements individually can represent an outcome measure for social exclusion or inclusion. Teenage pregnancy is a risk factor for social exclusion. Social disadvantage refers to a range of social and economic difficulties an individual can face such as unemployment, poverty, and discrimination and is distributed unequally on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socioeconomic position, educational level, and place of residence (Wellings and Kane, 1999). Social exclusion can happen to anybody but is more prevalent among young people in care, young people not in school and among teenagers growing up in low income households , or those growing up with family conflicts and people from some minority ethnic communities are disproportionately at risk of social exclusion. people are also most vulnerable at periods such as leaving home, care or education. Teenage birth rates in the UK are the highest in Western Europe and pregnancy among girls under sixteen years of age in England and Wales have increased since 2006, more than four in ten girls still get pregnant before the age of twenty. Two-thirds of all students have sex before graduating from school and are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. (ONS, 2009). Social exclusion Unit (2001) in their report to cabinet said that In England, there are nearly 90,000 conceptions a year to teenagers; around 7,700 to girls under 16 and 2,200 to girls aged 14 or under. Roughly three-fifths of conceptions 56,000 result in live births. Although more than two-thirds of under 16s do not have sex and most teenage girls reach their twenties without getting pregnant, the UK has teenage birth rates which are twice as high as in Germany, three times as high as in France and six times as high as in the Netherlands. Teens that get pregnant are less likely to complete their education therefore risks making their future worse. They are more likely to be single parents and are more likely to contract sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Every year there are new entrants into teenage world. The risk factors that affect early teenage pregnancies are economic disadvantages, peer pressure, emotional distress, sexual beliefs, attitude and skills, family structure, community disadvantages, sexual risk taking and poor contraceptive use. (Kirby, 2007). The main policy initiatives (750) New Labour (1997) introduced policies that aim to reduce young peoples risks of low educational attainment, poor or no job prospects, criminality and offending, teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Tony Blair (PM, 2001) in a foreword to the Report by the Social Exclusion Unit on Preventing Social exclusion said Preventing exclusion where we can, reintegrating those who have become excluded, and investing in basic minimum standards for all and we have worked in a new way developing partnerships around common goals with the public services, communities and charities, businesses and church organisations that have been struggling with the causes and symptoms of poverty for so long. The policy used risk management approaches as a way of reducing risks of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases amongst young people by using strategies that gives the individual choices , responsibilities and make them part of the solution. New Labours policies on teenage pregnancy centres around teenage pregnancy and sexuality using Knowledge Acquisition, Shifting Blame and Constituting Knowing Active Welfare Citizens as strategic Risk Management options. The New Labour government set up a Teenage Pregnancy Strategy overseen by the Teenage Pregnancy Unit and the strategy centres on reducing the rate of teenage conceptions, with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under 18s by 2010. Getting more teenage parents into education, training or employment, to reduce their risk of long term social exclusion. The Social Exclusion Unit was setup by the New Labour government to co-ordinate policy-making issues like school exclusion and truancy, rough sleeping, teenage pregnancy, youth at risk and deprived neighbourhoods through, preventing social exclusion happening in the first place by reducing the numbers who go through experiences that put them at risk or targeting action to compensate for the impact of these experiences , reintegrating those who become excluded back into society, by providing clear ways back for those who have lost their job or their housing, and missed out on learning and getting the basics right by delivering basic minimum standards to everyone in health, education, in-work income, employment and tackling crime. Critically analyse policies-SID,RED,MUD Critical analysis of the Policy, (2000) Action to prevent social exclusion is delivering results: the proportion of children in homes where no-one is in work has fallen from 17.9 per cent in 1997 to 15.1 per cent in 2001; over 100,000 children are benefiting from the Sure Start programme to ensure they are ready to learn by the time they reach primary school; school exclusions have fallen by 18 per cent between 1997 and 1999; under-18 conception rates have fallen in four out of the last five quarters; more 16-18 year olds are staying on in education; the Care Leavers strategy has been introduced; the Rough Sleepers Unit is piloting new approaches to end the fast track to homelessness from prison and the Armed Forces; Summary Stakeholder Pensions will help moderate earners build up better pension entitlements from this April. Some 18 million people stand to gain from the State Second Pension, providing more support than under the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) for modest and low paid workers, and for carers and the disabled; and the personal tax and benefit measures introduced over this Parliament mean that by October 2001, a single-earner family on half average earnings and with two young children will be  £3,000 a year better off in real terms compared with 1997. Families with someone in full-time work will have a guaranteed minimum income of at least  £225 a week,  £11,700 a year. And families with children in the poorest fifth of the population will on average be  £1,700 a year or around 15 per cent better off. And programmes to reintegrate people who have become excluded are recording successes: since 1997 more than 270,000 young unemployed people have moved into work through the New Deal for Young People; over 6,000 people have found work through the New Deal for Disabled People and over 75,000 people had found work between October 1998 and December 2000 through the New Deal for Lone Parents; all Local Education Authorities (LEAs) have increased provision for excluded pupils, a third already do so, and two-thirds plan to offer them full-time education in 2001; between June 1998 and June 2000, the number of rough sleepers fell by 36 per cent; and the proportion of teenage parents in education, employment or training has increased from 16 to 31 per cent between 1997 and 2000. And changes in basic public and private services are focusing improvements on the poorest: higher standards than ever before in Key Stage 2 English and maths with a ten and 13 percentage point improvement in each subject respectively between 1998 and 2000; 44 Local Education Authorities (LEAs) in the 88 most deprived areas2 improved their Key Stage 2 maths results by 14 per cent or more between 1998 and 2000. The most improved area was Tower Hamlets, with an increase of 23 per cent; 24 LEAs in deprived areas improved their Key Stage 2 English results by 11 per cent or more over the same period; between 1998 and 2000 children from most minority ethnic communities saw a rise in achievement of GCSEs. This includes an eight percentage point increase in the number of black pupils achieving five or more GCSE grade A*-C, against an average for all pupils of three percentage points; unemployment has fallen faster than the national average in 19 of the 20 highest unemployment areas; the combined effects of Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG), Winter Fuel Payments and free television licences for those aged 75 and over mean that from April 2001 around two million of the poorest pensioner households will be at least  £800 a year better off compared with 1997 a real terms rise in living standards of 17 per cent. together with tax and benefit reforms, the national minimum wage has helped to make work pay and encourage individuals to move from benefits into work; and by the end of 2000, all the high street banks offered a basic bank account available to all. Preventing social exclusion These improvements are a good start. Trends on literacy, school exclusion, post-16 participation and rough sleeping are on track. Incomes for the poorest pensioners and families, and for low-paid workers, have risen substantially. Where programmes have been slow to deliver results, for example on truancy, the Government is intensifying action. But many of the programmes in this document are only in their infancy, and are on course to deliver more substantial results over time. At the same time, policy innovation has been accompanied by new structures and new ways of working within Government. These have created clearer accountability for cross-cutting subjects such as rough sleeping, neighbourhood renewal and youth policy; set the basis for a new relationship of Partnership with groups outside Government; organised services around the needs of the client; and helped people to help themselves Policy can exacerbate and not alleviate Conclusion (500) The 1999 UK governments report on teenage pregnancy concluded that the following were risk factors for pregnancies among teenage girls: socioeconomic disadvantage, having been oneself the child of a teenage parent, poor communication with parents, not being in education, training or work after age 16 years, peer pressure to have sex early, educational problems such as low achievement and truancy, alcohol use, low knowledge about sexual health, and learning about sex from sources other than school However, these conclusions were based on evidence that was rather old or from cross-sectional studies, which are not the best guide to current trends

Hamlet †the Irony Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet – the Irony  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The existence of considerable irony within the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet is a fact recognized by most literary critics. This paper will examine the play for instances of irony and their interpretation by critics.    In his essay â€Å"O’erdoing Termagant† Howard Felperin comments on Hamlet’s â€Å"ironic consciousness† of the fact that he is unable to quickly execute the command of the ghost:    Our own intuition of the creative or re-creative act that issued in the play also assumes a struggle with the literary past, but one of a more complex nature. It would seem to be Hamlet who is unable to impose successfully the model of an old play upon the intractable material of his present life, and Shakespeare who dramatizes with unfailing control the tragic conflict between his heroic effort to do so and his ironic consciousness that it cannot be done, with the inevitable by-products of hesitation and delay. (107-108)    Right at the outset of the drama, there is irony exhibited in the manner in which Shakespeare characterizes King Claudius – he is simply the perfect ruler – and yet, shortly hereafter when the ghost appears, he is revealed as a truly evil sort. George Lyman Kittredge, in his book, Five Plays of Shakespeare, describes the Bard’s excellent characterization of Claudius:    King Claudius is a superb figure – almost as great a dramatic creation as Hamlet himself. His intellectual powers are of the highest order. He is eloquent – formal when formality is appropriate (as in the speech from the throne), graciously familiar when familiarity is in place (as is his treatment of the family of Polonius), persuasive to an almost superhuman degree (as in his manipulation of the i... ...go: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Rose, Mark. â€Å"Reforming the Role.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.      

bloodmac Gratuitous Use of Blood Images and Imagery in Shakespeares M

Effective Use of Blood Imagery in Macbeth  Ã‚   Gratuitous use of blood is the staple of most murder scenes. Perhaps this technique was first developed by Shakespeare for his play Macbeth. The blood imagery used in Macbeth, adds to the horror of the play. There are several examples of this throughout the play. The first noteworthy example occurs in the second scene after the murder of Duncan, when Macbeth is trying to wash the blood from his hands. The second example occurs in the third scene when Macbeth refers to the king’s gory wounds. The third and final occurrence involving blood imagery takes place in scene four while Ross is talking to Macduff about the murder. As a whole, all of these blatant examples of blood imagery help to augment the gruesome atmosphere of the play. In the second scene, after the murder of Duncan, Macbeth is trying to wash the blood from his hands, "Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?" This adds a lot to atmosphere of the play in that it implies that it would take Neptune’s entire ocean to wash the substantial amount ...

Eating Disorders: Their Dark Sides :: essays research papers fc

"Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder on an overwhelming dread of becoming fat. The result of this unfounded fear is self-starvation and major weight loss. In addition, the undernourishment may cause hormonal disturbances, anemia, heart problems, brittle bones and many other problems, some of which are life-threatening ("Anorexia Nervosa," 1). Bulimia is an eating disorder that is psychological in origin and can have dire physical consequences. While anorexics starve themselves, bulimics binge on food and then purge by self-induced vomiting. Bulimics also frequently use diet pills, laxatives, and diuretics to reduce their weight. The purging may serve two purposes: preventing weight gain and also temporarily relieving depression and other negative feelings ("Bulimia," 1)." These eating disorders are a major issue in society today due to society’s stereotypical view of women and young teenage girls, in, but many cases’ men are affected too.First, an eating disorder is an illness that affects several of the United States population because society has driven many people to be self-conscience about their appearance. For example, eight million people in the United States suffer from eating disorders ("The Secret Language of Eating Disorders," 1). Furthermore, 3% of all young women suffer from anorexia and 3-4% suffer from bulimia ("The Secret Language of Eating Disorders," 1). This proves that many women and teenage girls are affected because many are afraid of becoming fat and "unacceptable" to society’s view on women in general. In addition, 1% of boys and young men suffer from eating disorders, and their cases are becoming more common ("The Secret Language of Eating Disorders," 1). Also, it is a disorder that crosses racial and economical lines, those who succumb to compulsive starving or binge eating are males (Lang, 1). This shows that today’s society has also affected men’s stereo-typical view of their appearance and weight. Thus, eating disorders not only affect women, they also affect men, in which we are seeing more cases of every day.Second, victims of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have many warning signs which help people notice the signs of these eating disorders. For instance, anorexia nervosa has the following symptoms: significant weight loss, excessive dieting and exercising, and constipation ("Anorexia Nervosa", 2). Also, bulimia nervosa has the following symptoms: makes excuses to go to the bathroom after meals, and eats large amounts of food on the spur of the moment ("Bulimia Nervosa", 2).

Outcomes of divorce on children Essay

Divorce, while lengthy and sometimes hurtful, can be beneficial to the children and spouses. Children coming from situations of abuse and neglect actually benefit from the separation of parents. These parents may remain single or remarry, still studies have shown that the children have and are thriving in a way they were unable to before the separation. While there are exceptions to every rule, the divorce has become a positive alternative in some families. Children coming from homes where violence and abuse is an ordinary occurrence, are not only victims in their childhood, but are continually affected as adults. According to the Traumatogentic model, proposed by Dr. Finkelor (1987), the abused child produces a number of different psychological effects and long term behavioral changes. Leaving a child in such a situation would not only cause continual physical harm, but also the long term psychological problems. In such cases divorce is encouraged for the benefit of both the spouse being abused and the child involved. After divorce children have been shown to thrive in the new, abuse-free environment; showing improvements in their education, attitude, and overall social development. Another factor of positive divorce is the presence of neglect in the household. Accumulating information from the Attachment Theory proposed by John Bowlby in 1980, researchers have compiled evidence of the side effects of the lack of a secure attachment to caregivers at an early age. Because of rejection and inconsistent attention, among other forms of neglect, these children have â€Å"developed anxious, insecure or disorganized/disoriented attachments with their primary care providers† (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services). With two parents this neglect from one or both can turn to a feeling of hatred for one or both parents from the child. â€Å"This lack of secure attachment relationship then hinders the infant’s or toddler’s ability to explore his/her environment and develop feelings of competence† (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services). Divorce here is an apparent necessity to the children involved. Based on the long term effects of neglect from numerous studies, children are better with one parent that cares for them or a non-biological parent than two that do not accurately care for the child’s needs. While being exposed to the process of divorce, children have become aware that struggle is a normal part of marriage and have been able to use their parents as examples. In a study done by â€Å"Psychology Today†, twenty-eight college students were interviewed to see how their parents divorce influenced their own current and past relationships. The group was divided into three different groups according to their responses. The first group were named the â€Å"Modelers†. This group mimicked their parents relationship, continuing to be dysfunctional. The second group were the â€Å"Strugglers†, this group showed a cautiousness in trusting others and hesitancy in opening up to others. The third were the â€Å"Reconcilers†. These students strove to learn from their parents mistakes and the problems they witnessed, to create more successful relationships in their own lives. The group that the students fell into also had to do with the type of relationship they had with their parents before the breakup and after. It was found that the â€Å"modeler† group had â€Å"limited insight† to the problems that their parents were going through. The â€Å"strugglers† lost touch with their parents and received little support after the divorce. In contrast, â€Å"reconcilers† kept touch with their parents and were given positive reinforcement† (H. Parker). In these cases the students learned from their parents divorce by example. Neither regretting their parent’s decision nor harboring ill feelings toward them for the separation. Good communication between parents and children was key to a happy outcome post-divorce. In an interview done by Dr.  Joyce Arditti of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, fifty-eight young women who were raised by only their mother were asked their feelings on the situation. The women all agreed that the relationship between themselves and their mothers could never be closer. The relationships evolved into that of a best friendship rather than an authority figure and child. Although they are not the traditional mother-daughter relationships, they still provide support for the child in all the ways that a typical mother could and even go beyond that to the type of support that only a friend could provide. Growing up in a family with both parents present, was somewhat less than picture perfect in my own experiences. As a child, hearing constant arguing from both parents caused me to have a bias opinion on the parent doing the least amount of yelling or the parent that was fighting for my cause. This fighting being a constant in my life, made me wish that they would divorce, but because of personal religious reasons they have not. This, in turn, causes me to have apprehensions about marriage and doubt some of the stipulations that I was raised to associate with marriage. Divorce in my case would benefit my relationship with both parents and ease my own apprehensions about marriage. Divorce will always be a tough situation for the parents and children involved, but that does not mean that it has to be a negative one. The term divorce has been, in recent years, coined with a negative connotation. This however, is out-dated and one sided. With the recent studies and the help of psychologists, the term divorce has become somewhat less than taboo in our society today.

Analysis Is Euro Zone An Optimal Currency Area Economics Essay

Does euro zone tantrum what is described in the literature as an Optimum Currency Area. An Optimum Currency Area theory was for the first clip developed by Robert Mundell, in â€Å" A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas † ( September, 1961 ) . The chief thought was to specify until what extent some states ( EZ states, for case ) should give up from their independent pecuniary policy, in order to derive from micro and macroeconomics benefits of a shared currency. These benefits can be briefly referred as â€Å" decreased dealing costs, riddance of currency hazard, greater transparence and perchance greater competition because monetary values are easier to compare †[ 1 ]. Still, the chief issue is a pure inequation which tries to mensurate if the positive side of a common currency in EU is higher than the negative 1. In this reappraisal I will non concentrate merely in a remarkable parametric quantity of this equation because so it would connote a loss of the nucleus significance of the different beginnings. I will alternatively analyse the overall sentiment of different beginnings and refer to specific standards when it seems plausible.2. Critically annotated literature huntBeginning 1: Francesco Paolo Mongelli, Senior Advisor for Monetary Policy, European Central Bank ( ECB ) , â€Å" † New † positions on the optimal currency country theory: What is EMU stating us? â€Å" , Working Paper No. 138, April 2002 Francesco Mongelli has followed the euro advancement over the old ages and he strongly contributed to different analysis published under ECB cast. In his reappraisal he does non clearly take a place about the euro country. However, he seems to be more positive about the conditions of Europe for a common currency. Particularly after the euro acceptance, he states that â€Å" the members of the European Union that have removed all trade and fiscal barriers among each other and portion a individual market † due to the common currency enjoyed a steady addition in â€Å" mutual trade † which allows them to see stable growing. He does non disregard the alleged â€Å" † Krugman specialization hypothesis † † , which implies that the acceptance of euro will take member states to fall in an utmost specialised degree, taking to farther deficiency of variegation and it will go forth these states would be worse off. However, he clearly emphasizes that this is â€Å" a paradox as this is non what is observed in world † ( mentioning to Frankel, 1999 ) . With this debate Mongelli puts the euro country in the same side of the US States in the OCA graph sing two chief issues which for him are decisive ( see Graph 1 ) . This means, even though non every bit much as US States, the EZ states â€Å" draw net benefits from ( aˆÂ ¦ ) the euro † When confronting the critics from the general literature to the optimum conditions for a common currency in EU, Mongelli supports the other side of the literature stating these reappraisals might be biased since â€Å" they are chiefly rearward looking † . As he states: â€Å" Some writers believe alternatively that the OCA trial could be satisfied antique station even if it is non to the full satisfied ex ante † . In amount, this ECB adviser seems to back up the thought that â€Å" for the group of states now organizing the euro country this has brought considerable benefits but has besides required a long period, although some states that joined the procedure subsequently than the others caught up really quickly with the remainder. † This led him to believe the euro country might be suited for a common currency because, even though there are some structural differences among states, they can be managed overtime and optimum conditions can be achieved. Further analyses besides reported by Francesco Mongelli[ 2 ]on the Eve of the planetary fiscal crisis refer that in the last old ages at that place was a clear betterment of the euro country members or even its campaigners. He points out as chief betterment signals: â€Å" no ever-rising rising prices derived functions and inflationary outlooks † , â€Å" alterations in fight within the euro country are happening at a sustained gait † , and that â€Å" the hazard of pro-cyclicality of financial policies is under control † . Once once more, he stills believe that â€Å" all in all the balance seems positive: the benefits outweigh the costs † . Still, his chief point continues to be based on future outlooks and non truly on discernible facts. Beginning 2: Paul Krugman, â€Å" Retaliation of the Optimum Currency Area † , The New York Times, June 24, 2012 Many tried to analyse if dazes were symmetric or asymmetric in the interim of euro currency execution, although there is likely another ground which led to dazes ‘ dissymmetry. Despite the fact that European states could be already in an asymmetric place when following the euro, Krugman emphasizes that this dissymmetry tends to increase over the old ages among EZ states. He argues that most of the political power around EZ â€Å" chose to believe that asymmetric dazes would be a comparatively minor job † . Therefore Krugman identified another daze which is every bit of import as the others that existed earlier. This daze was, â€Å" in a acrimonious sarcasm, caused by the creative activity of the euro itself. † â€Å" In kernel, the creative activity of the euro led to a perceptual experience on the portion of many investors that the large hazards associated with cross-border investing within Europe had been eliminated. In the 1990s, despite the absence of formal capital controls, capital motions and therefore current-account instabilities within Europe were limited. After the creative activity of the euro, nevertheless, there was monolithic capital motion from Europe ‘s nucleus – chiefly Germany, but besides the Netherlands – to its fringe, taking to an economic roar in the fringe and significantly higher rising prices rates in Spain, Greece, etc. than in Germany. † In Krugman ‘s sentiment this deficiency of loads among euro country states led to the creative activity of more asymmetric dazes which states were non able to pull off. Especially states in the fringe, since they abdicated from their independent pecuniary policy, they could non utilize unfastened market operations to cover with such jobs like higher rising prices. Even though those states could do force per unit area on taking establishments in order to accommodate their policy to those state of affairss, they would confront opposition by â€Å" EuropeA?s nucleus † states. Therefore, this force per unit area would non be turned into any positive result for the fringe. Beginning 3: Martin Feldstein, Professor of Economics, Harvard University, â€Å" Optimum Currency Areas † , Cambridge, MA, 2008 Surely we can non avoid the economic differences among European states, although we might non merely concentrate on economic issues. Feldstein credited portion of the euro related jobs to political issues, alternatively of simply economic jobs such as daze dissymmetries. Feldstein has a broad background as academic and political associate in US, this allows him to hold an external position of the euro state of affairs and the single force per unit areas exercised by single states. The political result identified by Martin Feldstein, as described below, could be straight related with the dazes created by euro execution program as argued by Krugman ( see Source 2 ) . â€Å" Not all EMU states will be affected every bit by the development of the European economic system or by the policies of the ECB. ( aˆÂ ¦ ) Because of a limited willingness to do forfeits for the benefit of other EMU states or for the EMU as a system, some of those authoritiess or politicians may seek to go out the EMU or may endanger that they will make so unless policies are changed. † This position shows another attack on the OCA issue which might be against the thought that there are optimal conditions in the EU for a common currency, nevertheless non for the most frequent grounds referred in the literature. We can state that Martin Feldstein is chiefly presenting a political dimension into treatment, which sometimes can be the most decisive 1. Beginning 4: Huseyin Mualla Yuceol, â€Å" Why European Union is non an optimum currency country: The bounds of integrating † , Ege Academic Review, Mersin University, 2006 Besides mentioning many of the points that are mentioned in the literature back uping Krugman ‘s position ( see Source 2 ) , in which, he is chiefly placing that â€Å" there is a widespread incredulity environing the long-term practicality of the EMU. † This well-known Turkish faculty member besides refers another of import issue related with the OCA argument that sometimes is forgotten. Harmonizing to him, even though the European Commission was cognizant of macroeconomic disagreements, there was a clear deficiency of enforcement in order to cut down these existent dissymmetries. â€Å" Therefore, the so called EMU â€Å" convergence standards † are more concerned with analyzing ephemeral cyclical motions in fiscal indexs, instead than concentrating upon cardinal convergence in existent economic system. However, analyzing the extent to which EU member provinces have really met the MCC since 1990s, a period including both a recession and roar, makes dissatisfactory reading for protagonists of European pecuniary integrating. † The grounds shows that the deficiency of enforcement of the â€Å" convergence standards † led to an unsustainable macroeconomic state of affairs in the EZ. This unsustainable state of affairs implies that the EZ is non an optimum currency country and it besides means it is more hard to accomplish these conditions. â€Å" This is because, the accomplishment of convergence depends on peculiarly certain institutional and structural characteristics and the grade of development of market mechanisms. † Yuceol besides refers that there are likely two different groups among euro country states. One that would most likely tantrum in a common currency and the fringe which will confront strong barriers to maintain at the same gait without the pecuniary tools lost for the pecuniary brotherhood. â€Å" Therefore, EMU will split Europe because no mechanism exists for accomplishing existent convergence between national economic systems. †3. Tentative decisionsFrom the parts of the literature referred in this reappraisal it is easy to understand that both places in favour or against the OCA conditions in the euro zone can be argued. It is of import to underscore that most of the surveies on this affair are really concentrating in the same vectors, as mentioned before. However, they come up with rather different consequences. It is non straightforward which side is deducing misdirecting decisions. We can chiefly place two different political orientations: the one shared by the European Commission and other European establishments ( e.g. : ECB ) and the resistance which is chiefly referred in the literature as the Krugman ‘s position. From reading the different beginnings we can briefly province that the EC defends that higher integrating among states would increase the chance of the OCA standards being satisfied, while the other position provinces that higher integrating would take to a over specialisation job which would go a negative daze itself. Therefore, my probationary decision would be that the statements against the optimum conditions for a common currency in the euro zone are stronger than the others. The chief ground to indicate this out would be that most portion of the statements in favour of OCA conditions in EZ are based in frontward looking outlooks. Therefore I should hold that one of the chief jobs with the euro country was that it was established under future outlooks. This premise led states, like the 1s from the fringe, to be integrated in the EMU and they really did non hold conditions to make so. The demands established by the theory, such as the symmetricalness of dazes, labour market flexibleness and so on, are right so. I would state the misleading job was non a theoretical job. It was alternatively an out of clip phasing-in procedure carried out by the EMU which is non over yet.4. AnnexsGraph 1 – Two Key Optimum Currency Area Properties Beginning: Francesco Paolo Mongelli, † † New † positions on the optimal currency country theory: What is EMU stating us? â€Å" , European Central Bank ( ECB ) , Working Paper No. 138, April 2002

Why Understanding Learning Style Is Useful Education Essay

Harmonizing to Honey ( 2006 ) define larning manner is a method through which pupils use to get the hang his or her learning manner, by believing and to work outing jobs. It is besides called ‘orientations or ‘approaches ‘ to larning. Honey ( 2006 ) identified four distinguishable larning manners such as are Activist, Theorist, Pragmatist and Reflector. Persons use these four acquisition attacks to larn. Learning is really indispensable for life ; it is the key and it reinforces everything. Learning is formal every bit good as informal and a procedure every bit good as an result. It is witting and unconscious. We learn because we want to larn. Reece and Walker ( 2002 ) stated that â€Å" as a pupil, you should hold the competency and the cognition to use all your accomplishment in pattern and be able to analyze and measure the service user nursing attention comprehensively. For scholars to derive understanding and cognition they need to listen and understand what was taught. In add-on a construct of larning manner is used to depict people ‘s differences by which they learn. Each person have method to absorb and treat experiences every bit good as information. Learning manners has become of import for persons, pedagogues, parents companies and to understand the good acquisition environment allows persons differences. For illustration, research workers have suggested that one ‘s larning environment affects the pupils ‘ public presentation with respects to the consistence with their acquisition penchants. Learning manner is a method through which pupils use to get the hang his or her learning manner, by believing and to work outing jobs. It is besides called ‘orientations or ‘approaches ‘ to larning. Kolb ( 1984 ) and Bastable ( 2003 ) , both agreed in their statement that larning manners should non be perceived as fixed personality traits but as adaptative. Students have their peculiar manner of acquisition and will larn best when there is a assortment of larning chances which will enable them to larn in their ain manner. Hence, the pupil will be observed for any alterations to find if any acquisition has taken topographic point utilizing brooding, observation, concrete experience, active experimentation and abstract conceptualization. They can get down at any phase and are uninterrupted ( McgiII & A ; Beaty, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 1998 ) , learner ‘s manner of larning will act upon instructor ‘s instruction method. However, as a pupil nurse cognizing my acquisition manners will enable me to derive assurance as an grownup scholar. Understanding my learning manner will assist me to cognize how to travel about my acquisition methods. Knowing my acquisition manner has besides helped me to be in the right environment which is suited for my acquisition. Students have their curious ways of acquisition manners and will larn best when there is a assortment of larning chances which will enable them to larn in their ain manner. Hence, the pupil will be observed for any alterations to find if any acquisition has taken topographic point utilizing brooding, observation, concrete experience, active experimentation and abstract conceptualization. Moreso, it is utile for me to understand my acquisition manner because this will assist me to cognize how to make my class surveies and every bit good as being able to understand how to utilize my larning manner to measure the patient ‘s demands and support. It is utile for pupil nurse because it helps them pass on with their patient in the best manner the patient can understand every bit good as utilizing it to reply, get cognition and accomplishments on how to make my surveies. On the manus, my learning manner was confirmed following the completion of an audit questionnaire Honey ( 2006 ) . My learning manner is a reflector. Reflector are cautious people and thoughtful people who into consideration all possible angles, deduction before taking any action I.e. They explore many different positions. They are people who like to detect people and listen to what they have to state before they come to decision. I learn by detecting. I ever listen to people when they are talking to cognize what they are stating before coming to a decision. An illustration is when we have group activities in our talks or seminars, I normally listen to the thoughts of others first before I come up to thoughts of my ain. In my old topographic point of pattern were I did my arrangement, I observed nurses when they are making some undertaking like the readying for giving terminal injection. Before they begin the disposal, the two nurses foremost of all did some observations by look into ing the expiring day of the month, name of the client, day of the month of birth, the path, clip, and they besides checked the medical specialty cabinet temperature and it was recorded in the book where they do enter it. The prepared the injection, ready to be given. And both of them signed the book. The nurse put on baseball mitts this to avoid cross taint. Then after the injection was given, the acerate leaf was disposed in the crisp box. However, my weaker manner is activist, militant are people who engages themselves in batch of activities. They try to experiment. They ne'er think about effects before the act. As this is my weaker manner of acquisition, I will be affecting myself in a batch of activity because pattern makes perfect. I will besides seek to do instant determinations, inquire to be given group activities in category and be unfastened to new experiences. Furthermore, I will develop my weaker manner of acquisition by pull offing my clip efficaciously. I would seek to cut down the times I invest in thought and reflecting utilizing it more to seek out practical things such as inquiring that I give patients the endovenous out in pattern as opposed to watching and reflecting on the effects that could go on if I was given to make it. This manner I would be able to larn with people of different acquisition manners and be a batch more flexible both in pattern and in schoolroom activities. Like what I mentioned above, pattern makes perfect, hence I need to larn how be much more confident on prosecuting myself in activities that are more hands-on. Militant, are persons who involves themselves in a batch of activities. They are unfastened to seek out new experiences. They think of the effects of their action after they have already carried out the action in tonss of activities. They are unfastened to seek out new experiences the think of the effects after they have already carried out the action. They like to be the Centre of the activity. Harmonizing to Kolb ( 1984 ) , scholars learn better when the topic affair is presented in a manner consistent with their preferable acquisition manner. Theorist, are logical people, they think through everything before the act. They are more like perfectionist who analyse and synthesise. They are more on the nonsubjective side than on the subjective side. They reject anything non-logical and they maximise certainty. Pragmatists are people who open to seeking out thoughts and experimenting. They are down to earth people who act fast and confidently on any thought they come across. They are job convergent thinkers that make practical determinations. They take every job as a challenge. Reflectors are cautious people and thoughtful people who take into consideration all possible angles, deductions before taking any action. For illustration: they explore many different positions. They are people who like to detect people and listen to what they have to state before they come to a decisio n. Kolb ‘s acquisition distinguishes four acquisition manners which are perceivers, minds, deciders and actors. Each of these has strength and failing. It is of import that pupils become more cognizant of their learning strengths and work on their failing. Perceivers are people who beliefs in existent event of life they like listening to other peoples experiences and travel back to believe about it. They are speculative scholars desiring to cognize how to use it in their acquisition. The methodological analysis used in collating the grounds for set uping my acquisition through the questionnaire we completed is called qualitative method. However, the literature reappraisal provided me a secondary method in collating farther grounds of what is already known in the field. In decision, I have learned a batch from larning manners and every bit good as deriving cognition and accomplishments. I recognised the different types of acquisition manners and cognizing my ain method of larning. In the hereafter being able to understand my single acquisition manner will let me to be able to reassign the cognition acquired in a schoolroom scene to pattern. This will profit my experience as a pupil nurse.

Eve white vs Real eve

Simmer was diagnosed with multiple personality disorder. She was one of the first cases doctors had ever come across. With being such a special case, Chris was asked if she would be interested in having a movie made about her life. Chris and her family decided to peruse the movie, but not to use her real name. The directors of the film decided to give her the name of Eve White. However, there were parts of the movie that did not happen In real life or were twisted In the making of The Three Faces of Eve.Having a disorder Like Chris was diagnosed with Is not only hard to the patient, but also hard for friends and family. In Chris' life she had a loving husband and two children. Eve was In a bad relationship where she did not love her husband and a young daughter, Bonnie who she adored. When Eve White turned Into Eve Black, a rollicking young woman with a sly grin, she would physically harm Bonnie and would be extremely mean to her the little girl. Eve Black strangled Bonnie one day an d happened to Chris' eldest daughter as well when a different personality came out.Chris' children say that none of their mother's personalities ever hurt them, but they defiantly had their favorites, which they got across in the movie. Bonnie enjoyed when Cane's personality came out because she was kind and playful with her. In the movie Jane finds a man who she falls in love with, but does not feel as if she could marry him because she has more than one personality. They ended up getting married which was a true story from Chris' life.However, in the movie they did not put in that they did not tell anyone about her disorder because her new husband Don and their children would have to move because the neighbors would not wanting her to live by them because she is â€Å"crazy. † The Faces of Eve was based off of Chris' life, but Chris had 22 personalities instead of Just three. In the movie when both Eves' leave the body for good she is having a flashback to when her grandmot her had died. Eve is screaming about how her mother made her kiss the casket when she did not want too.Chris was furious that they put the blame on her mother in the movie when it was really her neighbor who made her do it. This flashback happened the day that the Eves' left her body for good and Jane stayed and she was cured for the rest of her life. This was a complete lie. Chris was cured for a little bit, but after a few months she realized the blackouts were coming back and more personalities were forming. For 44 years of Chris' life she had 22 different personalities who had control of her life.Chris Simmer has a book she wrote, I am Eve, and a movie, Three Faces of Eve all about her life and her Journey through her disorder. Chris and Eve were essentially the same person, but come across differently In the movie and her real life story. Chris' life was much more difficult than It made It seem In the movie. Chris shared her story, not for the money, but to spread the word for others out there who are dealing with the same disorder to let them know that they are not alone. She also shared her runner to let others know what she went through because she was one of the first cases to be diagnosed.Eve white vs.. Real eve By marshland were parts of the movie that did not happen in real life or were twisted in the making of The Three Faces of Eve. Having a disorder like Chris was diagnosed with is not loving husband and two children. Eve was in a bad relationship where she did not turned into Eve Black, a rollicking young woman with a sly grin, she would physically same person, but come across differently in the movie and her real life story. Chris' life was much more difficult than it made it seem in the movie. Chris shared her

Marketing Oriented Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Oriented Approach - Essay Example To this end it is useful to compare and contrast between firms that lie at two ends of the spectrum: the marketing oriented firms versus the production oriented. A marketing oriented approach is a ‘reactive’ approach in that companies produce new products/services based on customer needs and wants (Kotler, 2007). However, it goes further than that in that it aims to establish long term profitable relationships with the customer (Jeff, 2009). The aim of such firms is not just delivering a product has profitable customer demand but also establishing long term association with them by exceptional customer service. Such service may be in the form of superior after sales service and/or consultation services provided by salespeople (Jeff, 2009). Kotler elaborates on the concept of marketing orientation by claiming that holistic marketing orientation is essentially a process that enables companies to capture customer lifetime value. The concept of building long lasting relation ships with customers enhances the company’s ability to understand the customer and retain him for a lifetime. Thus, the Pareto rule that 20% customers bring in 80% of the revenue is very well recognized by this approach which aims at capturing a customer and retaining him for life. Companies that therefore drifted away from the idea of offering low prices towards offering a brand experience. Today’s customer is no longer price conscious; infact, contemporary trends have made the customer of today pressed for time with multiple claims on an individual’s scarce time. Hence, convenience and satisfaction is the need of the hour. Thus, rather than competing on cost, companies today are competing on attempts to provide a pleasurable brand experience to its customers. On the other hand, the production oriented approach is a ‘proactive’ approach in that the company first produces the product/service that is most feasible for the company in terms of its comp etitive priorities (cost, quality, delivery, flexibility) and then makes an effort to sell it to the customers. Thus, production oriented firms are inclined towards mass production of goods that they are able to produce at the lowest cost due of economies of scale (Jeff, 2009). Perhaps, an obvious difference then is that companies adopting marketing oriented approach are able to offer differentiated, innovative and unique products as opposed to production oriented firms that offer standardized, low cost items at several locations (Jeff, 2009). Hence, the fundamental difference between the two is that in the former the ‘customer’ is the driving force behind a new product whereas in the latter, the ‘company’ is the driving force. Furthermore, in production oriented companies the role of the sales force also changes; from that of prior consultation to ‘pushing’ the product to the customer once it’s produced (Jeff, 2009). Hence, the marketin g oriented companies adopt what is known as a ‘pull’ strategy (that is having the customer buy the product he/she wants) as opposed to the ‘push’ strategy of production oriented firms (that push the product it develops based on low costs to the customer) (Kotler, 2007). Although both have successfully co-existed since a long time, it has been realized that most successful

Global Warming is not as Big a Deal as the Government Makes it Seem Research Paper

Global Warming is not as Big a Deal as the Government Makes it Seem - Research Paper Example This paper briefly analyses the global warming topic with respect to reasons other than manmade. As per the recent studies, the earth’s surface temperature has been increased around 0.750 C during the last century itself. Moreover, scientists believe that the atmospheric temperature may even go up by 6 degrees before the end of the current century. Studies also showed that warming and sea level rise may continue for more than 1000 years even if we manage to stabilize the greenhouse gas levels. Increased global temperature can create dangerous futures for the human being. The consequences of global warming are unimaginable. Sea level raise, increased extreme weather intensities, changes in agricultural yields, complete destruction of some living things etc are some of the immediate difficulties we can anticipate. Even though manmade activities may have some effect, modern scientific theories unanimously agreed that the major reasons for global warming may be natural phenomenon like solar variations and volcanoes. While the world is unanimous in accepting the fact that global warming may cause severe problems to living things, there are different opinions about who contributes to the atmospheric temperature. The intensity of radiations received on earth from the sun has been increased drastically as per the studies conducted by Dr. Solanki.  

International Management Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Management Research Report - Essay Example People believe that all the alliances on international level work efficiently and effectively. However, that's not the case because if certain factors like legal, political, social, customer preferences are not focused efficiently then alliance of any nature might not work effectively. Organizations are getting bigger and stronger day by day and their area of operations is expanding. Organizations are changing their methodology of working and newer terms like employee empowerment, mergers, acquisitions, motivation and business alliances are changing the conventional methods of working. The span of control is widening up and they are enhancing their profits and entering into newer contracts with the diversified approach. Organizations besides achieving short term targets are stressing on long term objectives too. Since they are expanding therefore they are merging other companies into their own horizon and forming new strategies in order to achieve the overall goal. An agreement of mutual consent between businesses that initiated for cost reduction, improved service or for any other strategic factor is known as a business alliance. In the current century alliances are considered as a sign of victory and they are treated as an element of growth. Business alliance is actually working with your competitors and this strategy is favorable when two or more organizations view the bigger picture and thinks in terms of favoring the industry and their our profits too. In today's world fierce competitors are becoming business partners just to earn more profit and reduce their costs. Usually alliances are mostly on 50-50 basis and mutuality is considered to be the important factor besides the ratio. Besides bigger organizations smaller organizations are also benefiting a lot from this strategy and they are combining with other small organizations and enlarging their vision and objectives (Daft, 2008). There are numerous alliances on national and international basis in order to earn strategic advantage. Dell computers are considered to be the largest sellers of Pc's world wide and they firmly believe their customer-centric approach and their alliances are the main reason of this success. Dell computers are extensively in touch with their suppliers and they some times follow the acquisition strategy and buy out the supplier. Same is the case with retail giants Wall mart and K-mart that they either buy out their suppliers or some times outsource certain areas to them in order to obtain better results. Managers and decision makers are facing a paradoxical situation that whether to opt for international business alliance or not. Some mangers believe that sharing the resources might be a dangerous strategy on international basis. This is a definite challenge because managers have to risk their resources and a huge amount of dollars are at stake when an international business alliance is formed (Phatak, 2008). Managers can form alliances in different forms and the examples of business alliances can be joint ventures, licensing, equity partnerships, etc. In certain scenarios mergers and acquisitions also come under this category.

Management and leadership in exercise and sport Essay

Management and leadership in exercise and sport - Essay Example Hence management can be described as the art of getting things done or getting resources being used through people. This paper will look at the above mentioned functions of management and how they are employed in management. (Higgings 1994, p. 34) There are four basic functions of management. First management is involved in planning the resources for the organization. In this regard, management performs the work of determining resources that are to be used in the organization and how they are to be used. Management also carries out the work of leading the organization. In this function management works to direct resources in the organization on how they are to be used. This calls for application of leadership skills in order to direct others on how the resources are to be used. Management also functions to coordinate the operations of the organization in order to ensure that resources are used in the most appropriate manner. In this regard the management coordinates the functions of different departments in the organization so that they can function as one system. Management also functions to control the resources in the organization. ... Planning should act as the base under which all other functions of management are to be carried out. It forms the core operation of management function since there can be no management if there is not efficient planning of how resources are to be used in the operation of an organization. Planning involves the assessment of the needs of the organization and consequently coming up with ways on how those needs are to be fulfilled. Assessment helps the management to understand how all other functions are to be integrated in order to achieve the set goals. Basically planning involves setting goals and objectives that has to be achieved. (Purcell 2006, p. 5) Planning can simply be termed as an unending course of actions. It involves coming up with set of problems to be addressed and strategies that will be used to address the problems. Planning is therefore the way in which management assess the needs of the organization and consequently comes up with strategies aimed at addressing the specific needs. Strategies can be termed as a systematic way of addressing external and internal factors that helps an organization to achieve its objectives. Depending on the conditions and the needs to be addressed, the management may have to come up with different strategies or change its course of action in fulfilling its goals. This is function of management is called strategic planning. In this regard the management must take time to analyze internal and external factors that may affect the strategies of an organization to achieve the set goals. It invokes studying strengths and weakness, opportunities and threats of the organization in its pursuit o f achieving the set goals. This requires practical and

Regulations Influence on Agencys Productivity and Efficiency Coursework

Regulations Influence on Agencys Productivity and Efficiency - Coursework Example Literature ReviewLiterature Review Internal regulations are a set of official/ unofficial set of rules that an agency should follow in order to be in compliance that is suppose to help the agency achieve its goal in an efficient and productive manner. There is no previous literature review performed on the productivity and efficiency of the Office of Inspector General-Office of Investigations, therefore, for the purpose of this study, similar studies on different agencies within the field of law enforcement and studies whose method of the study was the pooled cross-sectional time series regression will be used for guidance.   The Office of Investigations within the Office of Inspector General are divided by Field Offices whose are divided by region and are entitled to a certain regional jurisdiction, then followed by a set of Sub-Offices who have to report to the Field Offices. A conjunction of Sanhog Moon, Alex Sekwat, Rodney Stanley and Richard Bennett studies, it will serve as a foundation for the methodology of this research. â€Å"The goal of this research design is to test for a shift or change in the trend of the dependent variable at the point of the policy intervention. The premise for the design is that the post-intervention values of the dependent variables are different from the pre-intervention series,† (Moon, Sekwat & Standley, 2004).  Richard Bennett â€Å"explores the macrostructure tenet of the approach upon a sample of 52 nations spanning a 25-year period (1960-1984).

Assess the Extent to Which International Intervention for Humanitarian Essay

Assess the Extent to Which International Intervention for Humanitarian Reasons is Becoming a Normal Among the International Comm - Essay Example To assess extent of the international intervention for humanitarian reasons one shall primary discover its foundation. In my opinion, regulation of human rights and freedoms are the basis for any humanitarian intervention in pre- and post-war period. Before signing the UN Charter, Geneva Conventions of 1949 and other international documents they were regulated exclusively by national law. Their scope and variety depended on historical epochs. According to national law, humanitarian intervention was allowed only for protection of life and property of citizens, staying on the territory of another state, and also of ethnic minorities. French intervention to Syria (1860 - 1861) can be regarded as its classical example. Justification of the above intervention was the rescue of local Christian population. A short-term religious conflict between the Maronite Christians and the massacre provoked indignation of European community of those times. Houndari (1946) remarks that previously there h as been tolerance between Muslims and the local Christian community. At the Conference in Paris the most influential European countries empowered France to perform the intervention for humanitarian reasons. ... , but only because it was clear that non-compliance with the wishes of the European great powers would lead to strategic coercion being exercised by the Concert powers against Turkey.† Thus, in XIX century such intervention of the progressive state was quite normal, as oppressors were Muslims, ‘uncivilized foreigners’ and was grounded on common religion and humanity concerns. The French party significantly exceeded its authority, as the initially agreed term of 6 months was prolonged and conflict of power with the British government took place. It is a typical feature of modern humanitarian intervention campaigns (Iran, Afghanistan), where transfer of power to local administration is often prolonged and restricted. Although the French government tried to protect local Christians’ interests, it was just a pretext for power redivision with Great Britain in this region. Scale of the conflict was exaggerated, because most of the Maronite Christians were natives, not numerous and â€Å"and partly because clergy and laity alike were for the most part Arabic in language and culture† (Houndari 1946). On the other hand, the present intervention really improved the situation, as the Christian population was governed and protected by American Christian Governor. The Maronite Christians’ rights and social position strengthened. Special attention should be paid to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which authorized partition of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. After World War I League of Nations supported independence of Poland as a buffer against ‘Red Russia’ and progressive Europe. According to agreements between League of Nations members, observance of human, civil and political rights for Polish citizens dwelling outside the country was guaranteed. Lerski (1996)