8,9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8,9 - Essay ExampleFundamentally, client satisfaction depends on feeling about a particular customer attend extended to them by the businesses. Therefore, businesses have an obligation to add value by providing excellent customer service. In essence, it is significant to practice friendliness, courtesy, attentiveness, care, and responsiveness when dealing with clients fifty-fifty in situations where their requests seem unfavorable. The aforementioned factors are critical to the success of the business enterprise.My experience with a shipping company was embarrassing. I had waited for my products to be delivered in time, yet the company did not explain to me comprehensively about the waiting. The company sent an email to me in a language that appeared impolite. It was a total disregard and thoughtlessness to me. Instead of communicating effectively the expected date of delivering my product, the company never presented any clear information to when I should receive my product. Th e company strategy of freehanded incomplete information was disrespect to me as a loyal customer. It would have been appropriate for the company to plan the message well, and present information that contains the reason for the delay of my product. In addition, the message ought to reflect a language that underpins hope, positivity, and credibility as the company seeks to maintain me as their

Research Methods for Business Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods for Business - Research Proposal ExampleThere are three different organizations and types of trade unions, viz. industrial unionism, general unionism, and craft unionism.Craft trade unionism refers to a trade union that seeks to protect a particular group of skilled works. General Unionism on the other hand refers to an organization of trade unions that comprise of a variety of skilled workers (Somers, 2013). Industry Unionism on the other hand comprises of whole workers within a particular industry, joined together in one organization. To successfully carry out their mission and objectives, Trade Unions have a governing body that governs the conduct of their leaders, and the actions of its members. This research proposal identifies the manner in which the researcher will gather information and carry out a research on the impressiveness of trade unions and non-union employee representation bodies.Most employers do not encourage their employees to join trade unions. This i s because trade unions are always accused of creating a negative birth between employees and their employers. However trade unions take on an important role in protecting the interests and welfare of employees. On this note, this research takes the position that Non-Union Representation bodies and Trade Unions play an important role in improving the working conditions of its members. In supporting this thesis, this research will answer the following six questionsTrade Unionism is an employment of an organized movement that began during the 19th century in the United States, Great Britain, and continental Europe. In most of these countries of the world, Trade Unionism is used to define the experimental condition labor movement. During the 18th century, a number of small associations began to appear in Britain, however, most of these organizations were sporadic, and did not last for a period of time. This is because these small associations of workers got resentment

Hunger Games Survival Essay Example for Free

Hunger Games Survival EssayThe game is designed to execute you. From the first moment when you argon dropped into the merciless jungle, you are actively trying to be killed. Forgetting the band of other survivors that are effortlessly searching for you, there are many terrors you must be ready for. To prepare for these, you must have a good shelter, a way to find food and water, and a cocksure mental attitude.A shelter is arguably the most important of the 10 essentials in survival. Without a shelter, you could get soaking in rain or snow, and subsequently, evanesce from the moisture. You will get bitterly cold during the night and die in your sleep. So Katness knew she needed a good shelter. One that would stay her warm and dry, as well as mobile. She built two kinds of shelter one was high in a tree, both to protect her from the indigenous, and to keep her off of the moist ground.She knew that sitting directly on cold or snow covered ground will increase the rate of heat loss drastically. So even in the tree, she put her jacket below her and her towel above her protect her from the elements, both below her and above her. The second shelter she built was a demonstrateshift rubble hut. She set in motion the base of a huge redwoody type of tree, which provided a stable back and added protection from snowfall and climate protection. She, one again, added a blanket to the radix as well as many ribs on her debris hut and foliage both for camouflage and climate protection.Finding food and water in this Amazonian jungle proved difficult. As two of the ten essentials, food and water are necessary in survival. Luckily, she brought enough nutrient rich great power bars with her to surpass the amount of time she needed to. She was also aware to not over work, and keep a 60% rule when searching so her power bars would be sufficient. Finding water, was much more difficult. Water is scarce in many jungle environments, so she had to take little bits of snow i n a bottle and let it melt over time and drink it. Eating straight snow will actually make you thirstier than without it, good matter she new that.Even with a stable shelter, a substantial food and water supply, and a sense of safety, she was still finding it difficult to keep a overconfident mental attitude, or PMA. Without a positive mental attitude, someone in a survival situation could lose hope of being found or surviving the night, and could just die. That is why she does simple activities to keep a PMA. She thinks about here friends and family back home, her boyfriend who is also stuck in this jungle, and other activities to keep her motivated and keep her striving to survive this unfortunate event.Due to her knowledge of the 10 essentials, knowing how to build a shelter, and the power to keep a positive mental attitude, Katness made it out of this treacherous situation. This may have been a movie, but this is a real world situation that anyone could have found themselves i n. The chance to learn about the 10 essentials, or how to build an adequate debris hut, is an opportunity that you do not want to miss. These life-saving tips have not only helped Katness make it out of the Hunger Games, but it may also help you make it out of a life or death situation of your own.

The Relationship of Marijuana Accessibility & Substance Abuse Essay Example for Free

The Relationship of hemp Accessibility Substance Ab drop EssayAbstractA ontogeny concern in the aesculapian and mental health field is the relationship between ganja make use of and further illicit do medicates revilement. Due to the recent state laws passing in Washington and Colorado, thither has been a need for a withdraw to voice communication the handiness factor in relations to the access hypothesis to ganja. The fear is that the ontogenesis in accessibility of ganja entrust result in an make up of substance affront and dependency.Therefore, this psychoanalyse is intended to address the sideline look for question Is the increased accessibility of marijuana correlated with the increase use of marijuana and other illicit drug use. Additionally, this proposal will address the gap in the literature, specimen and instrument used, and the findings.The Relationship of Marijuana Accessibility Substance Abuse A growing concern in the medical and mental h ealth field is the association of marijuana use and further illicit drug abuse as well as whether the increase accessibility of marijuana will result in the increase of substance abuse (Yacoubian, 2007). In the United Sates, researchers and professionals have observed the controversial gate expressive style hypothesis of marijuana for the past 30 years (Hall Lynskey, 2005).Hall and Lynskey provide the following operational definition for the gateway hypothesis Drugs whose use in some unspecified way is a cause of the use of later drugs in the sequence (p.1). During this time, a variety of studies have been conducted and have discovered empirical support to suggest that marijuana is commonly associated with the use of other illicit drugs (Lessem, 2006). Aprevious study found that 90% of cocaine users had used marijuana prior to cocaine (Fergusson, Boden, Horwood, 2006). In another study, researchers discovered that 33% of occasional and 84% of daily marijuana users reported using o ther illicit drugs (Fergusson, Boden, Horwood, 2006, p. 2).Currently, marijuana is a hot miscue in the media due to the United States having the worlds largest single market for illicit drugs (Yacoubian, 2007).In addition, research shows that marijuana has been discovered as the or so prevalent illicit drug indoors the American households (Yacoubian). Out of the estimated 19 million people using illicit drugs in American households, the majority of patients admitted to treatment facilities are adolescents and young adults for marijuana abuse (Lessem, 2006).This research solidly affects the mental health field due to the high demand of professionals trained and qualified to work with and treat patients with substance abuse and dependency issues. In terms of policy, during the 2012 election the state of Washington and Colorado passed laws that legalized the recreational use of marijuana (Healy, 2012). To date an estimate of 12 states have decriminalized marijuana and 18 states as well as Washington, DC permit medical marijuana use (Healy). However, under the Federal law there is no such thing as medical marijuana (McCarthy, 2004).This is due to the Drug Enforcement Administrations criteria and the Controlled Substance Act which classifies marijuana as a Schedule 1 drug ground on the following common chord factors (1) its high potential for abuse, (2) having no significant averages for medical use, (3) lack of accepted safety for use of the drug (McCarthy). Additionally, the Department of Justice clearly states that marijuana is illegal under Federal Law despite state policies and acts (McCarthy). Yacoubian (2007) addresses the debate between criminalization versus decriminalisation by comparing and contrasting drug regulation and policies within the United States and the Netherlands.Research found that de facto legalization, permitting coffee shops, in the Netherlands led to a significant increase of marijuana use among Dutch youth (Yacoubian). Yacou bian concluded that research suggests that an increase accessibility of marijuana will result in the increase of drug use. For the design of this study, the operational definition of accessibility will align with Yacoubians, which is based on state policies and regulation.For example, legalization policies suggest a high accessibility of marijuana (Yacoubian). Specifically, in regards to the present study the following terce states define the level accessibility Colorados legalization policies and recreational use (high accessibility), Californias decimalization policies and medical use (limited accessibility), and Virginias illegal policies and no permitted use (no accessibility) (Healy, 2012).Due to the conflict of recent state laws passing and Federal Laws not changing there has been anecessity for further research regarding the illicit drug marijuana and its effects (Healy, 2012). Researchers have found a significant relationship between steady and early marijuana use and fur ther drug use such as cocaine, heroin, pills, etc. (Hall Lynskey, 2005).However, previous studies concluded that there is a gap within the research because there may have been an overestimation of results suggesting the gateway hypothesis known as the frequency of marijuana use and later involvement in other illicit drug use (Fergusson, Boden Horwood, 2006). Lessem (2006) mentioned some of the limitations to research were the inability to measure drug dependency as well as the issues of causality. In addition, most current research studies are out dated and prior to the recent laws.This research study was designed to fill the specific gap depicted within the current research. According to Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2006) their study resulted in overestimation of date therefore, this specific study was formatted to ensure the data is precisely and accurately faild to prevent complications of overestimations.Additionally, this study uses a valid and reliable judging to measur e drug abuse and dependency, which satisfies the limitations previously mentioned in Lessems (2006) research study. It is a concern that as marijuana becomes more(prenominal) accessible, there will be an increase in substance abuse and dependency across the nation (Hall Lynckey, 2005). This study is intended to address the following research question Is the increase accessibility of marijuana correlated with the increase of marijuana use and substance abuse and dependency. Therefore, the research hypothesis for this study is that with the increase of accessibility there will an increase in substance abuse and dependency.The overall designing of this research study is to cover several presenting factors. First, it is to increase ken of the epidemic of marijuana use and further drug abuse within our nation. Second, it is to educate the public on the significance of the relationship between marijuana and drug abuse. Lastly, this research proposal is designed to gather and analyze d ata from states in which recent laws were passed permitting increase in accessibility and use of marijuana. MethodParticipantsThe sample for this study consisted of 450 subjects from the states ofCalifornia, Colorado, and Virginia. A sample size of 150 was used from each of these states, 75 participants were students from state universities and another 75 participants were patients at rehabilitation and drug treatment centers.The mean average age of participants within in the sample was 22.23. Among the make out sample size, 64% (n=288) were male subjects and 36% (n=162) were female subjects. In terms of ethnicity, 42% (n=189) of participants determine as white, 22% (n=99) as African American, 20% (n=90) as Hispanic, 16% (n=72) as Asian, and 4% (n=18) as other.The sample was first divided into the following three pre-existing groups according to state accessibility of marijuana California participants (decriminalized marijuana/limited accessibility), Colorado participants (legaliz ed marijuana/high accessibility), and Virginia participants (illegal marijuana/no permitted accessibility). Participants were then separate into one of the three subgroups based on their drug use and abuse. The participants score on the Drug Abuse Screening Test assessment determined their placement in one of the following three subgroups non-existing/mild, moderate, and bare. InstrumentThe Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) was the instrument used to assess the sample in this specific study. The DAST is a 20-item psychometric instrument that is purposed to measure an individuals drug use and abuse (Corcoran, Fischer, 2007). The manual indicates that a higher total score suggests an index of problem severity (Corcoran, Fischer). The DAST is scored by the total sum of all 20 items with range of scores being from 0 to 28 (Corcoran, Fischer). For the purpose of this study, participants scores are estimated by mild (scores 0-6), moderate (scores 7-13), severe (scores 14-20). Refer to Appendix A for a sample of the full instrument presenting all 20 items.The DAST indicates that psychometric instrument has both excellent reliability and validity (Corcoran, Fischer, 2007). The estimated internal consistency reliability was calculated with an alpha of .92 however, the manual does not provide either data of test-retest reliability (Corcoran, Fischer). The DAST manual shows both a good discriminant and concurrent validity for the instrument.In terms of discriminant validity, the instruments total score accurately and significantly distinguished between the groups with mainly alcohol-related problems from the groups with drugproblems (Corcoran, Fischer). The DAST concurrent validity was examined by its significant correlation of the DASTs background variables, frequency of drug use within a 12-month time frame, and indices psychopathology (Corcoran, Fischer). ProcedureThe participants of this study were recruited by two different approaches based on their institu tional setting. At state universities, the psychological science departments recruited participants through a research database that required all students in a PSYC 101 course to participate in at least 3 studies in which this study was an option. Additionally, faculty and staff at state university counseling centers recruited students whom were receiving counseling services. At the substance abuse rehabilitation and treatment centers, staff recruited current and new-fashioned patients to participate in the study at their consent.After participants were recruited through their institutional setting and consent, they received two separate electronic mails from the researcher of the present study. The first electronic mail was a confirmation email for the individuals participation. The second email contained a testing packet for the research studying which included the following three components study consent form, personal questionnaire (age, race, gender, and institutional settin g), and the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). Participants were asked to complete the entire testing packet and return by email to the research of the study within a week time frame.Once the researcher received the completed testing packets from participants via email, the packets were examined and separated by pre-existing groups based on state accessibility. For example, all participants from the state of Virginia were separated into the no accessibility group. Participants were then additionally divided in to one of the 3 subgroups based on their score on the DAST.The three subgroups were determined based of the following range of scores on the DAST and the individuals degree of drug use and abuse mild (scores 0-7), moderate (scores 7-14), and serve (scores 14-20). For the purpose of this study the data was converted to nominal with mild=1, moderate=2, and severe= 3. Once the data was collectedand converted, it was inputted into the IBM SPSS 20.0 software program to analyze the statistical relationship between marijuana accessibility and drug use/dependency. ResultsThe statistical analysis conducted was a coefficient of adventure in order to analyze the correlation and statistical significance of marijuana accessibility and drug use/dependency. The coefficient of contingency was conducted two separate times examining the statistical significance between no marijuana accessibility (Virginia) to limited marijuana accessibility (California) and then again no accessibility (Virginia) to high accessibility (Colorado).Additionally, analyzing the relationship between each accessibility level and drug use/dependency. Before running the statistical analysis, a frequency table was made to organize the data. The table portrayed how many participants scored in one of the three subgroups (mild, moderate, severe) under each state.Therefore, it was discovered that in the state of Virginia 47 participants fell in the mild, 61 in moderate, and 32 in the severe subgroups. The state of California had 37 participants were in the mild, 66 in the moderate, and 47 in the severe subgroups. Lastly, in the state of Colorado 29 participants were in the mild, 62 in the moderate, and 56 in the severe subgroups. The coefficient of contingency was calculated after the frequency table was formed. The first statistical analysis of Virginia and Colorado computed a contingency coefficient of .716 and statistical significance of .00. The second analysis of Virginia and California computed a contingency coefficient of .775 and a statistical significance of .00. DiscussionIn conclusion, the results of this study can be interpreted as supporting the researchers purpose and design for this specific study. The frequency table demonstrates that in the state of Virginia which has no permitted accessibility to marijuana that there were more participants who fell in the mild subgroup and fewer participants within the moderate and severe subgroup compare to the two other states . In the state of California, limited accessibility, there were more participants in the moderate subgroup and fewer participants in the mild and severe subgroups.Lastly, in the state of Colorado, high accessibility, there were more participants in the severesubgroup and fewer participants in the mild and moderate. The two statistical analyses results conveyed additional statistical support for the hypothesis of this study. It was hypothesize that there this a relationship between marijuana accessibility and drug use and dependency, which translates that with an increase in accessibility there will be an increase in use or dependency. Therefore, the statistical analysis of Virginia and Colorado portrayed that there was a .716 correlation that was statistically significant by .00.The analysis of Virginia and California found that there was a .775 correlation that was also statistically significant by .00. Concluding that the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis wa s statistically significantly supported. Several suggestions can be made for hereafter research due to the limitations of the present study. First, future studies should attempt to acquire interval data to run a more robust statistical analysis of the collected data. Second, it is suggested that future research studies use multiple assessments to measure both accessibility and drug use.Specially, the researchers recommend the Adult Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Test-3 (SASSI-3) that measures an individuals probability to abuse or depend on substances. Lastly, a significant gap in the research conveys that there is a need for longitudinal case studies with individuals from states where policies permit recreational use of marijuana in order to accurately discovered whether these individuals are likely to use and/or abuse substances.Appendix AReferencesCorcoran, K., Fischer, J. (2007). Measures for clinical practice A sourcebook (4th ed., Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 019 5314905 or 9780195314908. Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. (2006). Cannabis use and other illicit drug use testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. Addiction, 101(4), 556-569. Hall, W., Lynskey, M. (2005). Is cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Review, 24(1), 39-48. Healy, J. (2012, November 6). Voters Ease Marijuana Laws in 2 States, but Legal Questions Remain. The New York Times.Retrieved fromhttp//www,nytimes.com Lessem, J. K. (2006). Relationship between Adolescent Marijuana Use and Young Adult Illicit Drug Use. look Genetics, 36(4), 498-506. McCarthy, K. I. (2004). Conversations about Medical Marijuana between Physicians and Their Patients. Journal Of Legal Medicine, 25(3), 333-349. Yacoubian, G. S. (2007). Assessing the Relationship between Marijuana Availability and Marijuana Use A Legal and sociological Comparison between the United States and the Netherlands. Journal Of Alcohol Drug Education, 51(4), 17-34.

My Last Duchess Analysis Essay Example for Free

Summary of a poem My Last Duchess EssayA duke had killed his seventeen-year-old partner following three long stretches of marriage, and wedded another spring chicken lady. The principle function and speaker of the lyric is Duke Alfonso II of Ferrara. The other individual tuning in to him (his recipient) is the emissary (marriage operator) sent by the Count of somewhere else c everyed Tyrol.The duke is discussing the composition on the divider while planning to go shoot d ingest to meet the Tyrol, the dad of the proposed young lady, and other individuals who have come to finish the new proposition to be engaged. The lyric resembles a bit of casual conversation, however it is intended to uncover an vizor of persecution, desire, pride, defilement, kill and the covetousness for share.Whats more, the genuine story behind the scene of the dukes gloating, which the pursuers induce themselves is the topic of the lyric. The subject of this lyric is the wide hole between the alleged spirited culture and low individual conduct in the upper and the decision class of Renaissance Italy. If we analyze the poem further, My Last Duchess analysis will give out that the motivation behind the writer is to uncover the genuine character of the duke and ridicule the way of life that he speaks to, by and large.The monolog is planned so that it uncovers the genuine character of the duke who is having a casual chitchat with a guest the pursuers need to investigate the story behind his bragging. As the duke is getting ready to go first floor, in all probability putting on his garments, he sees that the courier is taking a gander at the artistic creations on the divider. He starts to discuss the artwork of his past match (the duchess). He says that it was an artwork by the popular Italian painter sibling Pandolf. The manner in which he rehashes the name and uses fra or sibling before the craftsmans name proposes that the duke is attempting to overturn the guest with his clo seness with specialists.Likewise, we see that he is endeavoring to give the impression of being a craftsmanship sweetheart (person of good taste) when he depicts the artistic creation with the expressions of a workmanship faultfinder the profundity and enthusiasm in the sincere look imitate the black out half-flush that blurs along the throat Then he brags round his specialty of talking by in a roundabout way saying that he doesnt have the ability of saying little things in the counteract way.However, that is another case of his pretention. He guarantees that he is such a great man, to the point that nobody has set out to get some information about the red spot on the fount of the duchess. Be that as it may, we see that he is such a mean, insidious disapproved, envious and critical man who feels that if his evidential other takes a gander at or grins at guests and some other guys, it is a direct result of her sexual energy with them he surmises that the painters casual passwor d had prompted the spot of satisfaction to show up on her cheekAt that point he gloats about his nine hundred years of age name, and gripes that the duchess did not give exceptional respects to that. With typical individuals, that doesnt check in a conjugal relationship, in light of the fact that everybodys better half is a spouse as a matter of first importance and it isnt important to address him by his status-name.He says that she used to expedite the red spot of satisfaction her cheek not just he gave a good (look) on her bosom, yet in addition when she saw any conventionality individual protest or occasion. We realize that some young ladies cheeks turned out to be red because of the sun, because of bashfulness, outrage, or even with no reason when they just grin or talk. The duke is an out-of-the-way despot who cant consider anything positive most presumably on the grounds that he is shrewd disapproved of himself.He says that her looks went all over the place, that she would thank and assess anything or anybody, that she was too effortlessly inspired, and that she used to grin at any individual who gone by her. We never discover any indication that the duchess was ethically blameworthy of the sorts of allegations he is making against her on the off chance that she was in reality awful, this improper man would have said it no hazy words. nix will be ever persuaded that to grin, to thank, to be intrigued, to be bashful, or to converse with individuals is such a wrongdoing, or unethical behavior. Nobody will trust that a spouse should take a gander at her better half, with the exception of in social orders that trust that all ladies are normally maliciousTruth be told, in social orders which do treachery to ladies, men are generally undermined, malevolent and uncalled for. The duke is an image of oppression and the demoniac male in Renaissance Italy, as well as in all social orders all things considered and put.At the peak of the emotional ballad, the Duk e uncovers that he had murdered his past spouse, the duchess painted on the divider. He says that he would not like to stoop (twist low) before her to state that she ought not grin at other individuals, ought not get awed by normal individuals and things, ought not redden, and ought to carry on in the correct approaches to exhibit the immense name of her better halfHe includes that he didnt have the expertise of intercourse and that she would not comprehend him but rather regardless of whether he had it and she could comprehend him, he would not stop before only a spouse to report to her what he didnt care for. This additionally uncovers his actual character.At that point he says, even without minding what he is stating, that he offered orders to stop every one of her grins together. That implies he offered requests to take to the woods her. The murder of his own better half and the manner in which he indiscreetly takes, is stunning and appalling. The duke is an ideal accumulatio n of every shrewd quality, the abuse of effectiveness and the outrageous persecution and shamefulness.There are likewise some emotional activities in the ballad, first and foremost, the duke advises the other man to take a seat and take a gander at the photo. Towards the finish of the sonnet, he instructs him to stand up Will it satisfy you rise? We additionally figure different things that the characters must do.As the duke is saying all the frightful things in regards to his own particular spouse, the other man appears to attempt to leave the place Be that as it may, the duke instructs him to pauseNay, well go down together, sir.The following minute, we find that he is influencing the man to hold up just to give another bit of gloating He indicates a statue and tells his visitor that it is his own statue as god Neptune preparing the ocean horse. This additionally symbolizes this interest for a spouse like a prepared pony.The ballad closes with the duke as yet discussing himself a s an fabulous man and an admirer of workmanship.ReferencesSparkNotes Robert Brownings Poetry My Last Duchess http//www.sparknotes.com/poetry/browning/section3/My Last Duchess Analysis Shmoop https//www.shmoop.com/my-last-duchess/analysis.htmlRobert Browning My Last Duchess by Camille Guthrie Poetry https//www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/144033/robert-browning-my-last-duchessRead next suit analysis of Daisy BuchananWilfred Owen A War WriterDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen

The Crush Is A Short Film Film Studies Essay

The C cause Is A Short Film Film Studies EssayThe film starts hit with a white text saying a purdy picture production behind the text a black background appears. As it clears up you loafer hear a wooly and strong womans voice saying three words Reveal, Pretend and love. This leads to an Establishing shot which sets up a classroom shooter, suggesting that the woman is a teacher the television camera has a long shot of the teacher the camera goes around the room which shows all the kids in the classroom. Warm colours are affect to show a positive attitude towards the teacher which applies those three words that should to be learned. There is a shot with a young boy the camera has a finale up shot of his face to show his kid like emotions, there are birds singing in the background withal with the soft music playing. By looking at the young boys face tells me that his emotions are dreamy towards the teacher and hasnt been paying attention. The indoctrinate bell goes off in the b ackground, which courses the students to pass along class which creates a medium shot. Ardal the young boy sitting at his desk and still dreamy hears Ms Purdys voice saying his name the lighting is a sense of Joy and good. A medium shot is used as he calmly walks to Ms Purdys desk, a tracking shot follows him to show Ms Purdy curiosity and interest with what Ardal has got. Ardal gives her the ring Ms Purdy was surprised and also great full the lighting is a sense of Delight which contrasts with the colour and sends him of to take in a great weekend.A head teacher on shot is used while Ardal walks rest home therefore the action comes straight to the audiences. He arrives home he starts to have dinner with his parents, sitting right in the middle with his parents sitting on either side of him which creates a medium shot. The light suggests that of a delight and also the colour is a calmer, relaxed feeling. A close up shot of dad emotions suggesting to be interested, he asks every body near their day but also continuing ab erupt his story of the day. He tells his son the exciting story with his facial expressions makes the story even more exciting to listen to which becomes into a swish Plan. Ardal all of a sudden asks his mum about when is the prorate age to get married. The dad is shocked with this statement and looks at his wife with disbelieve. His wife answers and asks why have you got some news of us but with a smart response he says that hell keep his mum posted about marriage. After dinner he is in his room a low tap shot is used, he opens up a Ten year planner diary goes to the year 2015 month 22-28 paginate and writes put down Marry Ms Purdy. He looks at the text after his done writing which is an Aerial shot blind lighting is utilize to suggest a Force and strength.A long shot shows Ardal enjoying himself and using a public bin as a prop, a feeling of bliss which suggests warm colours. Also a soft but enjoy full music plays in the backgrou nd suggesting that its a nonviolent act. Ardals mum walks out of the make she looks at her son and yells come on Ardal with a sense of being in a rush. The music stops playing, Ardal follows his mum he immediately faces the ground. As he walks a ring of a door bell goes off on the background suggesting that someone he matter know is walking out of a shop. He hears a soft but kind voice saying hello Ardal with excitement he recognises the voice and immediately looks up, his eyes brightens up with excitement that its really Ms Purdy. She complements on his new shoes a graduate(prenominal) angle shot is used at the same time a close up shot of her new ring to show Ardal but he doesnt recognise the ring. A High Angle is used to show how aright penetrate is, while Ms Purdy is talking about the ring and how they are engaged. pierce isnt interested at all and seems to be in a rush to watch a football game. He pulls Ms Purdy away from the conversation which automatically ends the conve rsation and leads her away. Close up shot of Ardals emotions with an angry facial toward Pierce is implemented.Ardal is back in his room, the colours give the sense of anger and also the dim lighting. He rips a page out of his diary it seems to me that his crunching up the page was he wrote Marry Ms Purdy. A close up shot is used when He throws the paper on the floor and stomps on it, which suggests anger towards the thought process of getting married. A scene with dim lighting suggests the idea of death which shows Ardals dad examining a gun he hides the gun on the top fragment of the crush from reach. Ardal stands near the door peaking as his dad hides the gun, he shows a lot of interest towards the gun. Ardal comes back in his room, he reattaches the crunched up paper to his diary. At the same time he looks to his side and stares at a poster of a cowboy that is having a challenge a duel to the death. Suggesting a high angle shot with the sense of power he wants to be over Pier ce.A grey golf Volkswagen is packed outside the school. Pierce is waiting for Ms Purdy he looks frustrated that she is always the last teacher to leave school. A sudden knock on the car window, Pierce calmly puts the window down. As the window goes down, there is a close up shot of Ardal standing beside the car fearless he demands him not to marry Ms Purdy, she is mine Ardal says. Pierce laughs with joy and disbelieve he explains that its never gone happen. Ardal demands a duel to the death, he tells Pierce where and when to meet him of this challenge the lack of communication suggests a dim of lighting. A Reverse angle is used as Pierce accepts this challenge with a laugh he also asks with a childlike behaviour which weapons to bring. Ardal says pistols, he calmly walks away. Ms Purdy comes and sits inside the car, the lighting in the car suggests a sense of Innocences. A Head on shot is used again when Ardal walks home but his facial emotions suggests a seriousness, it seemed to m e that he is planning ideas while his walking home.Ardal is back in his parents room sitting on their bed, a high angle is used and the lighting once again gives of Death and evil look to the scene. While Ardal stares up giving him a low angle shot of the wardrobe where his dad has hidden the gun, the background music play which helps with the senses of stargazing a plan of attack. Pierce is once again waiting of Ms Purdy at the school but this time his in an energetic mood of his close up facial expressions. Ms Purdy walks to the car and sits inside. She and Pierce connect lips with a candy kiss, as the kiss ends. Ardal is given a long shot therefore tells us that his standing in front of the school doors the shot was taken from the car pointing towards Ardal which also gives him a horror look.Pierce gets out of the car while Ms Purdy is trying to calm him down also letting him to leave it alone his just a kid. Engorging her, Pierce leaves and closes the door behind him which leav es Ms Purdy worried suggested by the dim lighting and also the close up shot. Pierce walks into a four walled cover room, Suggesting to me that it looks like a squash room with one white line red across and one thick line at the bottom going across the wall. The Camera zooms into his face and then out, which gives him a side view. In the shot Ardal appears by the door Pierces full body turns around to look at him, Ardal drops his bag on the floor.Ardal asks Pierce were is his pistol but he doesnt care about this problem, he pulls out a gun and points it to Pierce a close up shot of him holding the gun, helps to determine that idea. His shocked with Ardals actions also thinking it might be a fake gun but Ardals knows its real. Ms Purdy walks into the edifice she sees Ardal pointing a gun at Pierce. A close up is used to determine how afraid she is of what might happen next. Pierce begs him to put the gun down but Ardal is determined to kill Pierce and stop him marring Ms Purdy. Th e lighting of scene suggest a more Evil which also is Death , Ardal activities the founding of the gun aims it at Pierce, Pierce going down on his knees and tells the true about why he got engaged to Ms Purdy just to shut her up about marriage. As Pierce yells at Ms Purdy to call the cops, Ardal shoots a big loud bang goes off. The camera shots move around with Pierce as he flows to the ground, a close up shot comes back to Ms Purdy as she screams with fear. A close up shot of Ardals face shows his eyes not blinking once and fearless.A Blank screen shows for 3 SecondsSlowly the blank screen disappears. Orange ball roles across Pierces body, a close up of his eyes opening and realising that his not dead. Ardal looks back at Ms Purdy and says see Ms she also realises that the gun is fake, she takes out her ring and throws it at Pierce. Pierce gets up with anger towards Ardal but Ms Purdy protects him. They both leave the room, leaving Pierce alone in with disbelieve.ConclusionsThe di rector has used good angle shots for each scene to make the film as real as it can be. With the use close up, long shots, medium shots, high/low angle shots and also head on shots. The lighting was well implemented throughout the movie, with the sense of Death, Joy and good will. Colours helped with all aspects of the film mainly with lighting. Ms Purdy takes the gun of Ardal and she puts it in her handbag he explains that his dad had gotten him toy gun for his birthday and he was hiding it form him, Ardal asks if his actions are going into his report but Ms Purdy tells him that it is they gnomish secret. Ms Purdy walks Ardal home and the back ground music is a happier and more relaxed. At the end the directors/written and also the produces name show up also with the rest of the crew members of the movie.

Issues faced in Working Capital Management

Issues faced in functional upper-case letter of the United States Management running(a) superior c ar holds an important place in the theory of pay. A huge number of tools and techniques have been developed in the past to ensure optimal allocation of cash. Various authors have approached the instruction of on the job(p) uppercase guidance in different elbow rooms. A large number of models, theories and techniques (Baumol 1952, Beranek 1963, Haskel Benishay 1965, Haley and Higgins 1973, Walker 1974) have been developed in the past towards the optimal allocation of monetary resource. Efficient use of functionals(a) superior has a direct bearing on favorableness of an enterprise. it gain the productivity of in fixed assets. Basic Survival of a upstanding may be stake if decent operative jacket crown is not available in time. It is essential to maintain constant supply of on the job(p) capital for healthy development of an enterprise. operatives(a) capital management pertain with period asset and online liabilities. favourableness and liquidity of a smart set directly affects menstruation asset and accepted liabilities. So working capital management is considered as nigh important comp peerlessnt of corporate finance. To show the relevance of working capital there argon m whatever actors. As far as a typical manufacturing unfaltering is concerned, it accommodates half of its total assets as actual assets. More on-line(prenominal) asset enhances much cash in ones chips on coronation. A squargon with fewer holdings of authorized assets would face immense difficulty to carry on the twenty-four hour periodtime to day operations of the company (Horne and Wachowicz, 2000).Efficient working capital management involves proviso and controlling current assets and current liabilities in a manner that eliminates the fortune of inability to meet due soon term obligations on the one hand and avoid excessive investment in t hese assets on the other hand (Eljelly, 2004). Many surveys have indicated that managers degenerate considerable time on day-to-day problems that involve working capital finiss. One reason for this is that current assets are myopic-lived investments that are continually organism converted into other asset types (Rao 1989).With regard to current liabilities, the theater is responsible for paying these obligations on a timely basis. Liquidity for the ongoing firm is not reliant on the liquidation value of its assets, but rather on the operating(a) cash flows generated by those assets (Soenen, 1993). Taken together, decisions on the take aim of different working capital components become frequent, repetitive, and time consuming. working Capital Management is a very sensitive area in the field of financial management (Joshi, 1994). It involves the decision of the amount and composition of current assets and the financing of these assets. Current assets include all those assets tha t in the normal rail line of commerce repay to the form of cash deep down a short period of time, ordinarily within a course of instruction and such temporary investment as may be readily converted into cash upon need. The workings Capital Management of a firm in part affects its lucrativeness.The ultimate objective of any firm is to maximize the loot. But, preserving liquidity of the firm is an important objective too. The problem is that increasing profits at the comprise of liquidity can bring serious problems to the firm. Therefore, there mustiness be a conductoff amidst these devil objectives of the firms. One objective should not be at cost of the other because both have their importance. If we do not dread ab stunned profit, we cannot survive for a biger period. On the other hand, if we do not care about liquidity, we may face the problem of insolvency or bankruptcy. For these reasons working capital management should be given proper consideration and will ulti mately affect the positiveness of the firm.Firms should take place an optimal level of working capital that maximizes their total value. Larger scrutinize preservation might reduce the find of a stock-out. Keeping large level of inventory and a generous trade credit polity would cause to high sales. Allowing trade credit is most strategic move to stimulate sales. Trade credit would give a take chances to customers to assess quality attributes of product before making payments completely or partly (Long, Maltiz and Ravid 1993, and Deloof and Jegers, 1996).Accounts payable is another most important component of working capital. investiture in account payable or delaying payments to suppliers allow a firm to assess the quality of acquired product before it making its full payments. Investing in accounts payable is treated as inexpensive and flexible source of financing working capital. Bad effect of investing accounts payable is that, it would become loss if the firm offered dis count for early or on time payment. Measurement of working capital is most important function of management. A popular invoice of working(a) Capital Management (WCM) is the working capital cycle or operating cycle. This is the time lag between the expenditure for the purchases of keen materials and collecting cash from the debtors. With the lessen of cash conversion period that will be more beneficial to the working capital and it will lead to high level of current asset. As it increases the cash conversion period it will lead to low level of working capital maintenance.Providing a proper and buy the farm framework for total asset management is most important panorama in financial management practices. Investment in fixed asset would ask great level of enquiry activity. Recently, working capital management has been given little attention by researchers relatively. This approach causes great problem for many bloodline firms. Because neglecting of working capital or lazy appro ach on working capital management would cause utter affliction and becomes problematic. Recent corporate history and literature shows that more concerns for working capital management will result in more strength. Recent corporate history has got rich set of history for the collapse of firms due to their neglects in working capital management. Altman provided a model called multivariate predictor model based on US companies in the year 1968. In his model he includes working capital as one of the model components. Taffler developed a four-variable model for failure prediction using data drawn from the UK companies in the year 1977.(Eljelly, 2004) explains that liquidity management involves planning and controlling of current asset and current liabilities in a manner that reduce risk maximum. Major risk in these involves incapability to meet short term obligation as and when it dues. It should also concerns with avoiding excessive investment in current assets. The measurement of rel ation between profitability and liquidity is most important. To measure this affinity there are many techniques are being use such as ratios and cash conversion cycle. most companies as in Soudi Arabia was under essay as sample. Researchers used correlation and regression technique to study the relationship between profitability and liquidity of sure companies. The study showed that, rather than the ratios such as current ratio and liquidity ratio cash conversion cycle has more relevance to project out the relationship. Another point revealed that size of the companies showed major affect on profitability of divers(a) industries. The study revealed certain implications in Soudi Arabian companies. First is that there is electronegative relationship between liquidity and profitability indicators like current ratio and cash conversion period. flake is that there is variation among companies in terms of measure of liquidity. In spite of all the everyplaceall study revealed stable result.(Ghosh and Maji, 2003) Under this, they take Indian cement companies in to consideration to study in details. They examined and study the efficiency of working capital management of certain Indian cement companies during the financial period 1992 1993 to 2001- 2002. Instead of using the working capital ratios they have used performance, utilization and efficiency indices calculations. Each individual firm has got target efficiency level on the basis of industry norms. And each firms speed level of achieving efficiency target is tested under study. Overall study concluded that during particular study period, Indian cement companies did not performed as the targeted as well.(Deloof, 2003) He explains that, the way that a firm is managing its working capital has significant impact on ultimate profitability of any firms. This is because of the great amount cash investment make by most firms in current assets. He made study by using correlation and regression tools in Belgian firms. During his study he found that there is negative relationship between gross operating income and number of days allowed in account payable, account receivables and inventories of firms. Based on the study he conducted, he concluded that management can reduce the number of days in account receivables and inventory storage reasonably. It will create more value for its shareholders and owners. He also concluded that negative relationship between profitability and accounts payable is due to the reason that less profitable firms take more times to make payment on their bills.(Shin and Soenen, 1998) To create certain value to owners or shareholders it is important that to mange working capital most significantly and with utter cares. Profitability and liquidity impacted or affected by the way which the working capital management of any firm. There was found a negative relationship between profitability and firms cyberspace Trade Cycle by studying the relationship between lengths o f win Trade Cycle. Shorter Net Trade Cycle indicates high risk associated with stock return.(Smith and Begemann 1997) emphasized that those who promoted working capital theory shared that profitability and liquidity comprised the salient name and addresss of working capital management. The problem arose because the maximization of the firms returns could severely threaten its liquidity, and the pursuit of liquidity had a tendency to dilute returns. This article evaluated the association between traditional and preference working capital measures and return on investment (ROI), specifically in industrial firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The problem under investigation was to establish whether the more recently developed alternative working capital concepts showed improved association with return on investment to that of traditional working capital ratios or not. Results indicated that there were no significant differences amongst the eld with respect to th e independent variables. The results of their stepwise regression corroborated that total current liabilities divided by funds flow accounted for most of the variability in Return on Investment (ROI). The statistical test results showed that a traditional working capital leverage ratio, current liabilities divided by funds flow, displayed the greatest associations with return on investment. Well-know liquidity concepts such as the current and quick ratios registered insignificant associations whilst only one of the newer working capital concepts, the comprehensive liquidity index, indicated significant associations with return on investment.Satish B. Mathur (2007), Working capital management contains the proper management and control of the gross current assets. Current asset involves cash, sundry debtors or Account receivable and inventories. Thus the working capital management relates with the management of all among components not only individually but also collectively, too. Eff ective management and control of the versatile components of working capital is one of the most important and vital functions of financial management in any material body of the industrial and business units, based on varied parameters, like flexibility, level of investments in various components of current assets, criticality, quantum of efforts and time. With the help of a method called operating cycle let estimate the duration of one operating cycle. This means time taken by a firm for completing a full cycle of process failing from purchase of raw materials to conversion of finished goods even after sales that, sundry creditors if it is credit sales. The completion of operating cycle has major influence over the profitability of any business concern. So its proper control and management requisite to maintain proper working capital.Vijay Kumar (2001), Funds needed for any business organization for carrying day to day operations. Working capital considered as lifeblood of the business concern. level off though a firm can exist without profit, it cannot survive without working capital fund. A firm which without having working capital fund may cause bankruptcy. The working capital management is the most critical problem in financial management. well-nigh of the time financial executives are devoted towards managing the current assets and current liabilities which are the main constituents of working capital. Importance of working capital management stems from two reasons viz., (i) A substantial portion of total investment is invested in current assets and (ii) level of current asset and current liabilities will change quickly with the variation in sales. Hence, this study makes an attempt to analyze the size, composition, circulation of working capital and whether such an investment has increased or declined over a period of time. Mr. Knight pointed out that not only working capital components are inter dependent on each other but also on net sales and profit. Hence, this study also makes an attempt to evaluate some of the linkage between the different components of working capital and their relationships with the variables like sales, value of output, earnings, cash flow, etc.One most important area in working capital management is to understand the feature of short run behavior of the demand for working capitals ant its various elements. This study not only includes the cash but also includes the study of demand for receivables, inventories, gross working capital and net working capital.The concept of working capital, still have some controversies among various financial experts. Working capital has two concepts. They are the total of current asset and the excess of current assets over current indebtedness. These are called gross concept and net concept respectively. rough concept is use full when the objective is to measure the size and extent to which current assets are using. Net concept becomes useful when the objective is to evaluate the liquidity position of the concern.As soon as a firm operate and start to grows it have to make various decisions regarding where to invest and how to invest its various funds, quantity of cash and inventory to be maintained, amount of financing to customers, how to obtain required funds and how much debts can be acquired from outside etc. all those among factors have vital influence in total cash flow and overall profitability of business unit. Working capital management is a crucial decision of how to make structure and finance the operating investment of a business.Nrendar Kumar Jain (2004), Working capital management has major place in the theory of finance. Optimal allocation of fund is most important face in working capital management. Various tools and techniques have been developed for optimal allocation of fund. Some of them are Baumol 1952, Beranek 1963, Haskel Benishy 1965, Haley and Higgins 1973, Walker 1964. Efficient use of working capital is very much deals with profitability of any business unit. It augments the total productivity of investment in fixed assets. The total survival of a firm will be stuck if working capital not available at time. So it is very essential that to maintain constant and adequate supply of working capital for smooth running and offset of organization.The term Working capital is represented by current assets. Management of working capital has added significance in the context of any pattern of business weather it is small-scale or medium sized industries in the country. Most of them would have weak financial base and less availability of finance source. If their risk bearing capacity very low there would have an effort to reduce its size releases funds and improves profitability. Working capital management deals with management of current asset such a way that it maximizes the value of firm Both shortage of fund for working capital and uncontrolled over-expansion may cause failure in many business conc erns. Especially in small firms, efficiency in working capital management has significant impact in firms risk, return and share price.The financial sector has major role in any economy in mobilization of fund and allocation of savings. Financial sector acts as conduit for transferring financial resources from saver to borrower. Generally banks act as an integral part of financial sector.Working capital management can be say as a process of planning and controlling the level and proper mix of the current asset of the firm. It includes financing of these assets in the organization. Here financial manager has to fix what quantities of cash, liquid assets, bills receivable and inventories have to be hold at various times. Financing of current asset is next important decision to be taken by a finance manager. Choice for financing these assets includes mix of current as well as long term liabilities.There are two important implications for the management of working capital. First to cho ose management, working capital can be acquired to meet immediate needs when they arise. A hand-to-mouth policy like this has an advantage of reducing the average investment in working capital. So they can minimize interest charge, insurance expense and storage fees incumbent to carry the investment. In spite of this, hand-to-mouth policy has certain disadvantages also. There will be increased ordering cost associated with greater likelihood that the firm may experience storage in working capital. The reason behind this is that, there is no buffer stock to absorb unexpect functions.Management of working capital is faced by two basic questions. First is that the level of sales and relevant cost, what quantity of cash, receivables and inventories a firm should keep in optimal. Second is that the most economical way to finance these working capital investments. To have beat out return on investment firm should not keep infertile assets and it should finance in cheep source of fund. Literally, it is always better that to invest with short term asset and with short term liabilities.Eugene F. Brigham,Joel F. Houston (2009), Working capital management involves search the optimal level of cash, bills receivable, marketable securities and inventories. It includes financing the working capital with least cost. Since most of the buyers using credit cards that neither in-store cash nor bills receivables, best buy are working capital policy focuses on its inventories as well. To keep non interrupt sales its store must be stuffed with adequate materials. Whenever the customers needed the goods they should able to supply it. This relates with deciding what product is more latest and trendy and obtaining hot product with cheep cost and supply to stores.Miraculous development in the field of technology and communication has been changed the entire scenario. The way of managing its inventories is in best way now. Now, real time data is collecting from various stores and dep artments. Whenever there is a need for inventories and need for outsourcing of inventories, the computer system places the order automatically. In short, incoming and outgoing of inventories are done by the computer packages. If sale of an item is slipping, prices are lowered to reduce stock of that item before the case getting worst.Eugene F. Brigham,Michael C. Ehrhardt(2008), Working capital is excess of current asset over current liabilities. Firms are using different kind of policies to manage its working capital as well. Some firm uses relaxed working capital policies and some sues restricted policies.A relaxed working capital policy is that firm keeping large amount of cash and inventories relatively. Here sales are stimulated by the use of credit policy that providing finance to customers very liberally. And the company doesnt take advantage of credit provided by bill payables and accruals.In restricted working capital policy cash, inventories and receivables kept in very low quantity relatively. Here accruals and payables are maximum and NOWC is turned over more frequently. Optimal and moderated working capital policy is between these two extremes.Under the certainty condition, firms keep minimum level of working capital because, sales, cost and payment periods are certain. A large amount will increase the need for external funding without a corresponding increase in profit. Under the situation of uncertainty the picture is completely different. Here the firm must have to maintain a minimum level of cash, inventory. Here the quantity of keeping of working capital would be based on expected sales, expected profit, expected time and so on. Account receivables are determined by credit terms of the business as well.Shashi K. Gupta, Neeti Gupta (2008), Working capital in ecumenic practice refers to the excess of current asset over current liabilities. Management of working capital therefore, is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current asset, the current liabilities and their inter relationship that exist between them. In other words it refers to all aspect of administration of both current assets and current liabilities.The basic goal of working capital management is to manage current asset and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that satisfactory level of working capital is maintained. That means it is neither inadequate nor excessive. This is so because both inadequacy and excessive position are bad in any kind of organization. Inadequacy of working capital will lead to insolvency and excessive working capital will lead to idle fund which earn no profit for the business. Working capital management policy has important impact in success of a business.In the word of Shubin, working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the enterprise.According to Genestenberg, circulating capital means current assets of a company that are changed in the ordinary course of bus iness from one form to another, as for example, from cash to inventories, inventories to receivables, receivables to cashWORKING CAPITAL2.1 MEANING OF WORKING CAPITAL Working capital refers to short term fund to meat operating expenses. To quote great Indian financial analyst and scholar Mr. Ramamoorthy, it refers to the funds, which a company must possess to finance its day to day operations. It is concerned with the management of the firms current asset and current liabilities. It relates to with the problems that arise in attempting to manage current assets, current liabilities and their inter relationship that exist between them. If a firm cannot maintain a satisfactory level of working capital, it is likely to become insolvent and may even be forced into bankruptcy. Working capital refers to that part of a firms capital which is required for financing short-term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors and inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current asse ts keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted into cash and these cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets.Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short-term capital.In the words of Shubin, Working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the enterprise.Types of working capitalWorking capitalTime baseConcept baseNet working capital or qualitativeNet working capital or qualitativeTemporary or variable working capitalGross working capital or quantitativeGross Working CapitalAccording to this concept, the total current assets are termed as the gross working capital or circulating capital. Total current asset include cash, marketable securities, account receivables, inventory, prepaid expenses, advanced payment of tax. This concept also called as quantitative or broad approach. To quote Weston and Brigham, Gross Working Capital refers to firms investment in short term assets such as, cash, short term sec urities, account receivables and inventories . The concept helps in making optimum investment in current assets and in their financing.According to Walker, use of this concept is helpful in providing for the current amount of working capital at the right time so that the firm is able to realize the greatest return on investment.SignificanceGross working capital concept focuses attention on the two aspect of current asset management. They are1). Optimum investment in current assetsInvestment in current asset must be just adequate to the needs of the firm. On the other hand excessive investment in current asset should be avoided.2). Financing of current assetNeed for working capital arise due to the increasing level of business activity. Therefore, there is a need to provide it quickly. If there is surplus fund arise that should be invested in short term securities.Net Working Capital ConceptAs per this concept the excess of current asst over current liabilities represents net working capital. Similar view is expressed by Guttmann, Gerstenberg, and Goel Etc.Net Working Capital represents the amount of current asset which remain after all the current liabilities were paid. It may be either positive or negative. It will be positive if current asset exceed current liabilities and vice versa.To quote Roy Chowdry, Net Working Capital indicates the liquidity of the liquidity of business whilst gross working capital denotes the quantum of working capital with which business has to operate.SignificanceNet Working Capital Concept focuses on two aspects. They are1). Maintaining liquidity positionExcess current assets help in meeting its financial obligation within the operating cycle of the firm. Negative and excess working capitals both are bad to the firm.2). to decide upon the extent of long term capital in financing current assetNet working capital means the portion of current asst that should be financed by long term funds. This concept helps to decide the extent of long term fund required in finance current assets.Permanent Working CapitalThis is the minimum investment kept in the form of inventory of raw materials, work in process, finished goods, stores and spares and book debt to facilitate uninterrupted operation in a firm. Though this investment is stable in short run, it certainly varies in long run depending upon the expansion programs undertaken by the firm. It may increase or decrease over a period of time.Temporary Working CapitalAny additional working capital apart from permanent working capital required to support the changing production and sales activities is referred to as temporary working capital. A firm required to maintain an additional amount current asset temporarily over and above permanent working capital.PRINCIPLES OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT / POLICYThe following are the general principles of a sound working capital management policyPrinciple of luck VariationRisk here refers to the inability of a firm to meet its ob ligation as and when they become due for payment. Larger investment in current assets with less dependence on short-term borrowing increases liquidity reduces risk and thereby decreases the opportunity for gain or loss. In other words, there is a definite inverse relationship between the degree of risk and profitability. A conservative management prefers to minimize risk by maintaining a higher level of current assets or working capital while a liberal management assumes greater risk by reducing working capital. However, the goal of the management should be to establish a suitable tradeoff between profitability and risk.Principle of Cost of CapitalThe various sources of raising working capital finance have different cost of capital and the degree of risk involved. Generally, higher the risk lower is the cost and lower the risk higher is the cost. A sound working capital management should always try to achieve a proper balance between these two.Principle of Equity PositionThe princip le is concerned with planning the total investment in current assets. According to this principle, the amount of working capital invested in each component should be adequately warrant by a firms equity position.Principle of Maturity of PaymentThis principle concerned with planning the sources of finance for working capital according to this principle, a firm should make every effort to relate maturities of payment to its flow of internally generated funds. Maturity patterns of various obligations are an important factor in risk assumptions and risk assessments.Importance of working capital managementTo maintain sound working capital position is critical and important function for any management. Because the success of business is very much depends on how they manage its working capital. It should keep preserve a sound working capital position by avoiding excessive investment and keeping adequate working capital to meet daily operations.. As pointed out by Ralph Kennedy and Stewart MC Muller, the inadequacy or mismanagement of working capital is one of a few leading causes of business failure. Current assets, in fact, account for a very large portion of the total investment of the firm.Determinants of Working CapitalWorking capital requirements of different firms are different. Each firm has own manner to operate with. They would require current asset and current liability as per their type of operation and way of operation. So it is main function of working capital management to determine the level of working capital required. Even though there are no specific set of determinants to decide about working capital, there are some determinants which have been using ordinarily by the management. They are discussed under1). Size of business operationSize of the business is varying business to business. Size is another most important factor to be considered while determining working capital requirements. Here the size of the business is measured in terms of operat ion doing by business and not on physical evidence. The amount required as working capital is direct proportion with size. That is if the size of business is large it would require more working capital and it is small it would require less amount of working capital to invest.2). Nature of business activityThere are some firms which requires very short amount to be invested in fixed asset and more in current asset. Likewise, some firms would require more investment in fixed asset and less in current asset. This is why the character of business comes more significant while determining the working capital. Trading and financial type of companies would require to invest more in current assets. So while determining the level of working capital investment it should be based on nature or type of business.3). Business FluctuationsDemand for the products of each business is fluctuating season to season. So each business has to be made financial planning in advance to have seasonal working ca pita